SAT语法讲义完整版.docx
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SAT语法讲义完整版.docx
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SAT语法讲义完整版
SAT语法讲义
IdentifyingSentenceErrors
一、主谓一致
1.就前原则
(1)N1ofN2verb(SAT考试中动词单复数与N1有关,与N2无关)
如:
agroupofstudentsare
thedetailsoftheproblemsare
例:
Thebright(A)fiberglasssculpturesofLuisJimenezhasreceived(B)criticalacclaimnotonly(C)inhishomestate,NewMexico,butalsoin(D)NewYork.
Noerror(E).(P161.1)
(2)名词1+介词+名词2如:
studentsintheclassroom
名词,插入语,verb
名词+doing/done如:
studentsstudyinghard
例:
Flintsfoundin(A)theregionextendingfromtheNileValleyto(B)thehighlandsofeasternIraqatteststo(C)thepresenceofpeoplethereaslongagoas(D)onehundredthousandyears.Noerror(E).(P166.3)
2.“欲擒故纵”法
动词单复数做题基本原则是就前原则,如句子太长、太难、太复杂时,用“欲擒故纵”法。
3.动词单复数特殊固定用法
(1)anumberof一些;一般情况下其后动词用复数,(不受任何规律限制);
thenumberof…的数量;其后的动词在任何情况下都用单数。
量词考点:
agroup/list/lineof使用“就前原则”
(2)倒装结构:
就后原则。
如:
herecomesthebus
a.地点状语+动词+主语
b.Only置于句首的倒装
例:
Inthefoothillsofthatlargemountainrangeis(A)thesourcesofariverwhosecourse(B)wasnotfullymapped(C)until(D)thiscentury.Noerror(E).(P776.19)
例:
Airpollutioncausedbyindustrialfumeshasbeenstudied(A)foryears,but(B)onlyrecentlyhas(C)theharmfuleffectsofnoisepollutionbecome(D)known.Noerror(E).(P167.6)
4.名词
集合名词:
family,group,stuff,team,community,只要这些词以单数结尾,后面的谓语动词都用单数。
people,cattle,police:
其后的谓语动词用复数
以s结尾的词:
means,species,news
以cs结尾的词:
physics,mathematics,不表示复数,是单数。
以us结尾的词:
octopus(章鱼),platypus(鸭嘴兽),-saurus(恐龙)
考点:
名词的单复数
作业:
P410.23、24,P472.22,P602.27,P721.24、26、29,P839.20、27,P894.16,P956.12,P776.12,P839.25,P957.19、28,P471.17,P534.18。
二、平行结构
(1)名词,名词,and名词
例:
EachtimeCarolineturnsonhercomputer,shehas(A)toenteracompanycode,thenherinitials,andthenentersapassword(B)before(C)shecanbeginworking(D).Noerror(E).(P166.2)
例:
Ofthehundredsofwarm-watercoralspecies,onlyafew(A)arehighlyprized(B)foruseinjewelrybecauseoftheir(C)beauty,luster,andtheyarehard(D).Noerror(E).(P533.12)
(2)两者之间的平行
如:
notonly…,butalso…
neither…,nor…
either…,or…
…and/but….
例:
Thelaborunionisnegotiating(A)acontractwiththehospitalthat(B)willsatisfy(C)thedemandsoftheworkersandbeacceptableto(D)alllevelsofmanagement.Noerror(E).(P601.13)
(3)句子的平行
考点:
同类比较
特点:
-er,more,than,as,like,unlike,compareto/with.
如:
ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofAmerica.
所有格和所有格之间比较时,第二个所有格是不能省略的,需要补充thatof/thoseof/’s。
作业:
P601.13,P777.28,P599.3,P410.21、29,P602.20、22,P659.25,P660.27,P720.14、18。
三、形容词和副词
adj.+n./pron.
adv.+v./adj./adv.
如:
Ifindthebookeasy.
Ifindthebookeasily.
例:
Althoughcanoeingthrough(A)therapidswasexciting,itwas(B)alsoexhausting,andwewerehappyforatimetohavethecanoefloatserene(C)down(D)asmoothstretchoftheriver.Noerror(E).(P838.12)
笔记:
serene平静的;serenely平静地
如:
快速的发展中的国家rapidlydevelopingcountry
例:
Theresearchstudyreveals(A)startlingproofofaconstant(B)changingseafloorthatcomprises(C)themajorpartof(D)theunderwaterlandscape.Noerror(E).(P602.29)
例:
Justhow(A)criticalanimprovedbalanceoftradeisto(B)ahealthyeconomyhasneverbeen(C)moreclearer(D)thanitisnow.Noerror(E).(P659.18)
作业:
P167.7,P192.14,P409.17,P660.29,P721.22,P894.13,P896.27,P957.23。
四、逻辑主语
(1)Doing/done…,SVO.
如:
Beatenblackandblue,Kittyiscrying.
Beatingblackandblue,Kittyiscrying.
例:
Contrastingwith(A)mostother(B)fifteenth-centuryrulers,PortugueseKingscouldcounton(C)thesupportofthearistocracyinany(D)overseasventures.Noerror(E)
例:
Raisedinalargeandnoisycity,itwasonlywhenIwentawaytocollegethatIrealizedhowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbe.(P955.11)
(A)itwasonlywhenIwentawaytocollegethatIrealizedhowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbe
(B)whenIwentawaytocollegeIthenrealizedhowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbe
(C)goingawaytocollegemademerealizehowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbe
(D)IdidnotrealizehowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbeuntilIwentawaytocollege
(E)delightfullifeinasmalltownwasunrealizedbymeuntilIwentawaytocollege
例:
WhileworkingasanurseinthestreetsofCalcutta,thatwaswhenMotherTeresadevelopedaprofoundloveforthepoor.(P892.1)
(A)thatwaswhenMotherTeresadevelopedaprofoundloveforthepoor
(B)MotherTeresadevelopedaprofoundloveforthepoor
(C)thenthedevelopmentofMotherTeresa’sprofoundloveforthepoortookplace
(D)MotherTeresa’sprofoundloveforthepoordeveloped
(E)aprofoundloveforthepoordevelopedinMotherTeresa
例:
Havingthoughttheproblemthroughwithsomecare,thatthecommitteedidnotunderstandhersolutionfrustratedthechairpersonextremely.(P599.5)
(A)thatthecommitteedidnotunderstandhersolutionfrustratedthechairpersonextremely
(B)thechairperson’sextremelyfrustrationresultedfromthecommitteenotunderstandinghersolution
(C)thechairperson’sfrustrationatthecommittee’sfailingtounderstandhersolutionwasextreme
(D)thechairpersonwasextremelyfrustratedbythecommittee’sfailuretounderstandhersolution
(E)thecommittee’sfailingtounderstandhersolutionwasanextremefrustrationtothechairperson
while/when/by/on/throughDoing/done…,SVO.
例:
BysimplyenteringanInternetwebsiteorcallingatoll-freenumber,acatalogordercanbeplacedforalmostanythingfromcheesecakestofullyequippeddesktopcomputers.(P616.12)
(A)acatalogordercanbeplaced
(B)byplacingacatalogorder
(C)theywillplaceyourcatalogorder
(D)youcanplaceacatalogorder
(E)yourcatalogordercanbeplaced
例:
Indicatingtheirdesiretoextendfreeenterprise,Canadianselectedamemberof
theProgressiveConservativeParty,KimCampbell,asPrimeMinisterin1993.
(P493.13)
(A)CanadianselectedamemberoftheProgressiveConservativeParty,KimCampbell,asPrimeMinister
(B)Canadians’electionofamemberoftheProgressiveConservativePartyasPrimeMinisterwasKimCampbell
(C)KimCampbelloftheProgressiveConservativePartywaselectedPrimeMinisterofCanada
(D)theProgressiveConservativeParty’sKimCampbellwaselectedPrimeMinisterofCanadians
(E)amemberoftheProgressiveConservativeParty,KimCampbell,waselectedbyCanadiansasPrimeMinister
例:
Thoughnowoneofthemostfamousabstractartists,criticsonceridiculedJacksonPollockforhistechniqueofsplatteringpaintoncanvases.(P532.8)
(A)criticsonceridiculedJacksonPollock
(B)criticsoncewereridiculingJacksonPollock
(C)JacksonPollockonceridiculedbycritics
(D)JacksonPollockwasonceridiculedbycritics
(E)JacksonPollock,havingoncebeenridiculedbycritics
(2)SVO,doing/done….S与分词
SVOdoing/done….O与分词
如:
Theboysarewatchingagalaxyofbeautiespassingby,slobbering.
例:
During(A)mymostrecent(B)trip,Icameacross(C)awonderfulantiquestorewandering(D)intheoldquarterofthecity.Noerror(E).(P533.16)
作业:
P955.5,P190.2,P534.21,P846.2。
五、代词
代词一定要确切指明具体对象。
(1)单复数
例:
Thestarlingissucha(A)pestinruralareasthatithasbecome(B)necessarytofindways(C)ofcontrollingthegrowthoftheir(D)population.Noerror(E)(P167.8)
例:
Contrastingwith(A)mostother(B)fifteenth-centuryrulers,PortugueseKingscouldcounton(C)thesupportofthearistocracyinany(D)overseasventures.Noerror(E)
(2)主格,宾格
主格:
I,we,they
宾格:
me,us,him,her
区别:
做主格一般出现在句首,做宾格的一般出现在动词、介词后。
宾语:
动词宾语、介词宾语。
例:
ThereportAlexanderisdiscussing(A),areportpreparedjointlybyhe(B)andthecommittee,doesnottakeintoaccount(C)thesocioeconomicstatusofthoseinterviewed(D).Noerror(E)(P602.21)
例:
Apparentlyimpressedwith(A)ourplans,thefoundationawardedCarlosandI(B)agranttoestablish(C)anetworkofcommunitycentersthroughout(D)thecity.Noerror(E)(P602.26)
例:
Forwe(A)students,concernaboutimpending(B)tuitionhikeswasevenmoreacutethan(C)apprehensionabout(D)finalexams.Noerror(E)(P721.27)
(3)one,you不能相互指代
one与he/she对应;ones与they对应
例:
Forpeoplein(A)manyancientsocieties,workwasonlyameansof(B)survivalratherthan(C)awaytoimproveyour(D)standardofliving.Noerror(E)(P838.19)
(4)this划线
(5)which,who,whom,that
考点:
which不能指代人,who,whom不能指代物。
例:
Candymanufacturersapplaudedthediscoveryby(A)researchersthatstudentswhich(B)smellchocolatewhilestudyingandagainwhiletaking(C)atestareableto(D)recallmorematerialthanstudentsnotexposedtotheodorofchocolate.Noerror(E)(P894.15)
例:
Inaworldthat(A)therateoftechnologicalandsocialchangeacceleratesfrighteningly(B),changeitself(C)oftenseemstobetheonlyconstant(D).Noerror(E)(P957.21)
Where,inwhich的区别:
介词+which的用法>where
作业:
P410.26,P472.28,P534.20,P601.15,P602.28,P659.20,P660.28,P720.15,P721.20,P776.14,P777.23、25,P839.24、26,P957.26。
六、时态
(1)现在类
一般现在时,现在完成时,现在进行时,现在将来时。
(2)过去类
一般过去时,过去完成时,过去进行时,过去将来时。
例:
Jeromeoftenreferredto(A)arthistorytextbookwhilehe(B)wassculpting;wheneverhelearnedanewmethodinartclass,heseeksout(C)theworkofsculptorswhohadusedit(D)inthepast.Noerror(E)(P409.15)
例:
Someoftheworkerswhoresent(A)thesupervisor’sauthoritywouldprobably(B)feeluncomfortableif(C)theyweretoacquiretheindependencethattheydemand(D).Noerror(E)(P839.22)
(3)不规则动词的过去分词
例:
AlthoughbornintheMidwest,LangstonHugheslivedmostofhisadultlifeinHarlem,inNewYorkCity,where(A),like(B)otherwritersinthe1930’s,hehadwrote(C)someofhisfinest(D)works.Noerror(E)(P894.12)
作业:
P409.15,P471.16,P534.24,P658.12,P720.13,P777.21,P838.16,P839.22,P894.20。
七、介词
(1)基础介词的搭配
(2)把介词的固定用法出得很长
(3)常考的点:
有能力去做—beableto
haveabilit
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