英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文.docx
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英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文.docx
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英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文
从生态女性主义的角度来分析苔丝
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英语 学号:
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摘 要
托马斯.哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》是英国以及世界文学史上的经典之作。
本文主要通过女性生态主义的角度来理解和分析这篇小说。
生态女性主义者认为,自然与女性是人类生存和发展的本源,二者均与男性相对立,而且都是资本主义工业化经济扩张过程中的受害者。
在小说中,苔丝作为哈代塑造的一位女性,身处在英国工业大肆向农村扩张的时期,同时被男性所欺凌和压迫。
同时,她身边的自然环境和生产方式的改变也体现着以男性为中心的社会对于自然界的扩张和侵犯。
因此,本文将通过生态女性主义的角度来分析《德伯家的苔丝》。
通过生态女性主义的视角分析哈代的自然观、妇女观在作品中的体现和其作品中反映的苔丝与自然的亲密关系以及在男权社会中女权主义的崛起,能给读者以一个新的角度来重新理解这部作品,与此同时,能够对生态女性主义及其发展有很好的了解。
关键词:
生态女性主义;自然;工业化;男权社会
AnalysisofTessoftheD’urbervillesintheLightofEcofeminism
Abstract
ThomasHardy’snovelTessoftheD’urbervillesisagreatclassicworkinEnglandaswellasintheworld.ThisthesiswillanalysisTessoftheD’urbervillesinthelightofecofeminism.Ecofeministsarguesthatnatureandfeministaretheoriginofhumanbeing’sexistenceand development,thetwoareincompatibletomen.Moreover,arethevictimsintheprocessofcapitalisticindustrializationandexpansivemaleintrusion.Inthenovel,TessisaheroinecreatedbyHardy,whowassettoliveinthetimesofindustrializationapproachtoruralarea.,andbulliedandoppressedbymasculine.Besides,thenaturesurroundingherandthemodifyofproductionstylealsocanreflecttheexpansionaswellastheinvasionendowedbymalecenteredworld.Therefore,thisthesiswillreadTessoftheD’urbervillesbyangelofecofeminism.Through
AnalysisofHardy’sviewofnatureandwomeninthelightofecofeminismaswellasTess’scloserelationshipwithnatureandtheemergencyoffeminismamongmalechauvinism,whichwillgivereaderanewangeltounderstandthenovel.Meanwhile,wecanhaveagoodunderstandingofecofeminism.
KeyWords:
TessoftheD’urbervilles;Ecofeminism;Women;Nature;Indusrtilization
CONTENTS
摘 要 I
Abstract II
Chapter1 Introduction 1
1.1Thewritingbackground 1
1.2ThemaincontentofTessoftheD’ubervilles 2
1.3Literaturereview 2
1. 4Whatisnewinmystudy
Chapter2 EcofeminismandItsDevelopment 3
2. 1Definiationofspecializedterms 3
2. 2TheDevelopmentofEcofeminism 5
2. 3Differencesofsocialpsychology 10
Chapter3 AnEcofeminismReadingofTessoftheD’urbervilles 10
3. 1 Tessandnature 11
3. 2 Tessandindustrialization 11
3. 3 Tessandmale 11
Chapter4 Conclusion 12
References 13
Acknowledgements 14
Chapter1 Introduction
Literatureisnotonlyanartbutalsoamirrorofreallife.Whenstudyingaliteraturework,scholarsactuallystudyhistory.Nowadaysanincreasingnumberofscholarshavebegantostudythehistoryofacountry’seconomic,political,cultureandenvironmentformsfromtheperspectiveofliteraturebecausethroughdifferentkindsofliteraryworks,wecanseeallsortsoffeelingssuchasjoy,anger,sorrow.Thefeatureofliteratureisvarious,oneofwhichistragedy.Inthetragedy,itisinevitablethattheheroesorheroinesshouldsufferasetbackordisadvantage,madethemselvesindishonor,experiencehardness.Withabadending,tragedyoftencontainsacertainphilosophyoflife.
“TessoftheD’urbervilles“isoneoftheHardy’stragedies,amasterpiecewhichbroughthimintoanumberofliterarycriticsnotice.Itreflectedthewriter’srealsocietysystemandmorals.Sostudyingthisnovelcanhelpustoknowaboutthesystemandconceptofthattime.Therearemanydifferentapproachesfromvariouswaystoanalysisthenovel..ThisessaymainlystudytheTessinthelightofecofeminism,whichconcernsbothfeminismandecologyprinciple.
Firstofall,itwillreviewotherpeople’sunderstandingofthenovelTessoftheD’urbervilles.Thenitwilldemonstratestheoriginationanddevelopmentaswellasthetrenditgoes.Thechapterthreewillgettothepoint,thatisapplythetheoryecofeminismtothedetail.AlltheanalysesofTessoftheD’urbervillesarehopedtoenableustoseetherelationshipbetweenwomenandnatureaswellasman.
Ecofeminismhasbeenadmittedtoanimportanttheoryofliterature,thoughthetermecofeminismhasonlybeeninuseforarelativelyshorttime.Therefore,analysisingTessoftheD’urbervilles.withecofeminismapproachiscomparativelyyoung.
1.1Thewritingbackground
ThomasHardywasthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictoriaages,whichwasanageofgreatchangeandmanydifficulties.Victoriannovelswerefullofsensibilitiesandweretendedtobeidealizedportraitsofdifficultlivesinwhichhardwork,perseverance,loveandluckwinoutintheend;virtuewouldberewardedandsinnersaresuitablypunished.Theytendedtobeofanimprovingnaturewithacentralmorallessonatheart.WhilethisformulawasthebasisformuchofearlierVictorianfiction,thesituationbecamemorecomplexasthecenturyprogressed.Itwasalsoanageofrealismratherthanofromanticism.Realismtriestotellthewholetruthshowingmoralandphysicaldiseasesastheyare.Victorianliterature,ingeneral,truthfullyrepresentedtherealityandspiritofthisagewhichwasthegreatageoftheEnglishnovel—realistic,thicklyplotted,crowdedwithcharacters,andlongarticle.Hardy,whoalsoshownthetruthofthisagewithahighplaceinWesternliteraturewhichcamefromtheturbulenceoflifeanddeterministicofhumanbeing.HistragediesinthehistoryofWesternliteraturewerenotanaccidentforthetragedyconsciousness.ThetragedyconsciousnessinHardy’snovelsoriginatedfromWesterntraditionaltragicspiritwhichwasfullofrationalismandprofoundreflectiononthecontradictionsofhumansociety.Anditalsorevealedanineluctableandinevitableconditionalityoffate.Thatistosay,theheroesorheroineswouldleadtothetragicroadoflifeintheendinWesternliteraturenomatterwhethertheylikedornot.Tragedymostlywastheirfinalarrangement.
ThomasHardy’snovelsaredeeplyinfluencedbyGreektragediesandShakspeareantragedies.AndhewasdeeplyinfluencedbySchopenhauer’stragedyconsciousness.Schopenhauerwasafamousphilosopherwhobelievedthatlifewasatragedyandlifewasfilledwithdesire.Schopenhauerdividedtragedyintothreetypes:
thetragedycausedbythosewhocommittedheinouscrimes,thetragedyledbytheironyoffateandthetragedycausedbymisunderstandinganddistrustbetweenpersonsineverydaylife.HebelievedthatthelasttragedywasmostterribleonewhichwecanseeinHardy’sworks.Hardybegantocreatingthenovelsintheearly1870s.Inthelate1890s,heturnedtowritepoetry.TheBritaininthisperiodwasundergoingatransitionperiodfromlaisser–fairecapitalismtoimperialism.Thecapitalismthoughtthatthesocialsystemofthisperiodcouldnotbechanged.ButHardy’sworksexactlyclashedwithit,whichreflectedthetremendouschangesofsocietybecauseoftheinvasionofindustrialcapitaltothevillage.HehadexposedthemaskofBritishsocietywhichcanreflectinthenovelTessoftheD’ubervilles.
1.2TheMainContentofTessoftheD’urbervilles
TessoftheD’ubervillescameintoaconflictwithVictorianmorality.Inthisnovel,Hardyreachestheheightofhisachievementasanovelist.Likemostothernovels,rurallifeisaprominentissueinthestory.Andtheissueoffateversusfreedomofactionisanotherimportantaspectofthisnovel.IttellsthatavillagegirlcalledTesswhowasverybeautiful,pure,plain,honest,butwentthroughamiserablelife.Shewasborninapoorfamilywithmuchconcerntoherfamily.HerfatherwhodranktoomuchandcametounderstandthattheDurbeyfieldfamilycouldverywellbethedescendentsofaroyalfamily.SoherparentssenthertotheD’urbervillemansiontoworkandmarryawealthyman.It’stherethatshewasrapedbytheAlec,thesonoftheD’urbervillesandpregnant.ShefellinlovewithAngelClarebeforelong.Clarelovedherverymuchandlongedtomarryherbutshedelayedtoanswerthisofferofmarriagejustbecauseshedidnotknowhowtotellthetruthofbeingraped.Despitethis,finally,thiskindheartedandsinceregirldecidedtotellhimthisbadthing.However,whenTesstoldhimthetruththatshewasrapedbyAlec.Anglecouldnotforgetherforhavinganotherman’schild.Therefore,AngelabandonedTess.Alecreturnedintoherlifeasa“preacher”.Atfirst,Tessdidn’taccepthimforthepastevils.Afterherfather’sdeathunexpectedly,Tesshadtheburdenofthefamilywelfareonhershoulders,soonwereevictedfromtheircottage.ShedeeplybelievedthatAngelwouldnevercomebackasAlecsaid.TessknewherfamilywouldlivebetterbyacceptingAlec’swealthandpropertyButtohersurprised,Angelreturnedfrombrazil,repentinghisharshness,butonlytofindthatTesslivingwithAlec.TesskilledAlecindesperation.Atlastshewasarrestedandhanged.
1.3LiteratureReview
AsforTessoftheD’urbervilles,differentapproachesareavailableafteritpublished.
Gose,Jr,ElliottB,in1963forthefirsttimeadoptaDarwinismtoanalysisTessoftheD’urbervilleinhisbookPsychicEvolution:
DarwinismandInitiationinTessoftheD’urbervilles,HeholdsthatthebloodimageryinTessismainlyduetotheritualinitiation.GosealsoarguesthatTessstrugglesforpsychicevolution,butisforcedtorevertintoretrogressiveprimitivebehavior.Accordingtoanthropology,primitiveritualtosomeextentisthatmanattemptstocontrolnature.
In1966,criticKettlearguesthatmacrocosmicsocialandeconomicforcesarethedeterminersofplotinthisnovel.Changesbroughtaboutbymodernization---thedeclineof“haling”withtheriseofnewmethodsofgoodsdistributionandthemovementofthepopulationfromruraltourbanareas---bringhardshipupontheDurbeyfieldsandleadTesstoAlecD’urberville.
AsoneofearlyreviewersofTessoftheD’urbervilles,Johnson,Lione
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- 英语专业 文学 德伯家 论文
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