考研英语一真题及答案完整解析.docx
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考研英语一真题及答案完整解析.docx
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考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
(一)
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt'sreputationfor
beingindependentandimpartial.
JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.
Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisions
willbe_4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.
Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.
TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.
Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16-isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.
Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.
2.
[A]when
[C]before
[B]lest
[D]
unless
3.
[A]restored
C]established
4.
[A]challenged
[B]weakened
[D]eliminated
[B]compromised[C]suspected
[D]accepted
5.
[A]advanced
[C]bound
6.
[A]resistant
C]immune
7.
[A]resorts
[C]loads
8.
[A]evade
[C]deny
9.
[A]line
[C]similarity
[B]caught
[D]founded
[B]subject
[D]prone
[B]sticks
[D]applies
[B]raise
[D]settle
[B]barrier
[D]conflict
10.
[B]as
[C]though
[A]by
[D]towards
[A]so
[B]since
[C]provided
[D]though
12.
[A]serve
[C]upset
13.
[A]confirm
[C]cultivate
14.
[A]guarded
[C]studied
15.
[A]concepts
[C]divisions
16.
[A]excludes
17.
[A]dismissed
[C]ranked
18.
[A]suppress
[C]address
19.
[A]accessible
able
20.[A]byallmesns
[B]satisfy
[D]replace
[B]express
[D]offer
[B]followed
[D]tied
[B]theories
[D]conceptions
[B]questions
[D]controls
[B]released
[D]distorted
[B]exploit
[D]ignore
[B]amiable
[D]accountable
[B]atallcosts
[C]shapes
[C]agree
[C]ina
word
[D]asaresult
Comeon—Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationand
halfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthe
wordspeerpressure.It
usuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJoin
theClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.
Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:
InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.
Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:
theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!
”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.
Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’s
presentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.
There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:
weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’slikethe
teacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblem
withasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:
intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.
21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure
[B]astimulustogroupdynamics
[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress
[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors
22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould
[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers
[B]learnfromadvertisers'experience
[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers
[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements
23.Intheauthor'sview,Rosenberg'sbookfailsto
[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors
[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure
[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding
[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect
24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors
[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends
[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies
[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit
[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits
25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis
[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionable
Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.
Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthefederalcourt,aspart
ofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It'sastunningmove.
Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont;sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.
EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.
Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:
whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfar
thosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.
ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.
26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Lineisclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.
27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto
[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.
[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.
[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.
[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.
28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.
[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision
29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest
[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.
[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.
[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.
[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.
30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
[A]E
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