历年考研英语真题.docx
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历年考研英语真题.docx
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历年考研英语真题
绝密★启用前
2005年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
(科目代码:
201)
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Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.
Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.
Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells–wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.
1.[A]although
[B]as
[C]but
[D]while
2.[A]above
[B]unlike
[C]excluding
[D]besides
3.[A]limited
[B]committed
[C]dedicated
[D]confined
4.[A]catching
[B]ignoring
[C]missing
[D]tracking
5.[A]anyway
6.[A]evenif
7.[A]distinguishing
8.[A]diluted
[B]though
[B]ifonly
[B]discovering
[B]dissolved
[C]instead
[C]onlyif
[C]determining
[C]dispersed
[D]therefore
[D]asif
[D]detecting
[D]diffused
9.[A]when
[B]since
[C]for
[D]whereas
10.[A]unusual
[B]particular
[C]unique
[D]typical
11.[A]signs
[B]stimuli
[C]messages
[D]impulses
12.[A]atfirst
[B]atall
[C]atlarge
[D]attimes
13.[A]subjected
[B]left
[C]drawn
[D]exposed
14.[A]ineffective
[B]incompetent
[C]inefficient
[D]insufficient
15.[A]introduce
[B]summon
[C]trigger
[D]create
16.[A]still
[B]also
[C]otherwise
[D]nevertheless
17.[A]sure
[B]sick
[C]aware
[D]tired
18.[A]tolerate
[B]repel
[C]neglect
[D]notice
19.[A]available
[B]reliable
[C]identifiable
[D]suitable
20.[A]similarto
[B]suchas
[C]alongwith
[D]asidefrom
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartADirections:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.
Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.
SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.
Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.
Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.
21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby
[A]posingacontrast.
[B]justifyinganassumption.
[C]makingacomparison.
[D]explainingaphenomenon.
22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraphl)impliesthat
[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.
[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature.
[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.
[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.
23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare
[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.
[B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions.
[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.
[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions.
24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys
[A]prefergrapestocucumbers.
[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings.
[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.
[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.
25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.
[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.
[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.
[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.
Text2
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?
Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?
Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?
LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.
Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:
“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”
Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:
bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.
Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch–aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.
Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.
26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat
[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.
[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.
[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.
[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.
27.Accord
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