英美文学重点.docx
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英美文学重点.docx
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英美文学重点
英美文学重点省略
MedievalEnglishLiterature
MedievalEnglish中世纪:
5世纪–1485
GeoffreyChaucer乔叟(1343—1400)-thefatherofEnglishpoetry (wisdom,humor,humanity)
TheRenaissancePeriod文艺复兴:
14th–mid17th startedinItaly
TheRenaissance—rebirthorrevival
Humanism人文主义:
theessenceoftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeingtheimportanceofthepresentlife
②WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚(1564—1616)–playwright&poet(aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime)
1.Fourtragedies-Hamlet,Othello,KingLear&Macbeth
2.Comedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,TwelfthNight,AsYoulikeit…
RomeoandJuliet
Themes
TheForcefulnessofLove;
LoveasaCauseofViolence;
TheIndividualVersusSociety;
TheInevitabilityofFate
TheImpossibilityofCertainty;
TheComplexityofAction;
TheMysteryofDeath;
TheNationasaDiseasedBody
Note:
Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction
AnalysisofHamlet
Heisenigmatic,extremelyphilosophicalandcontemplative.Heisparticularlydrawntodifficultquestionsorquestionsthatcannotbeansweredwithanycertainty.Buteventhoughheisthoughtfultothepointofobsession,Hamletalsobehavesrashlyandimpulsively.ItisalsoimportanttonotethatHamletisextremelymelancholyanddiscontentedwiththestateofaffairsinDenmarkandinhisownfamily—indeed,intheworldatlarge.DespiteallofthethingswithwhichHamletprofessesdissatisfaction,itisremarkablethattheprinceandheirapparentofDenmarkshouldthinkabouttheseproblemsonlyinpersonalandphilosophicallterms.
7.Sonnet18(14line)
Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient(短暂的),butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.
Themes
Expressesthatbeautifulthingscanrelyontheforceofliteraturetoreacheternity.
Literatureiscreatedbyman,thusitdeclaresman’seternity.
③FrancisBacon(1561—1626)–philosopher,scientist,essayist,laythefoundationformodernscience
HisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.
Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions(典故),metaphors(隐喻)andcadence(韵律).
Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience,differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studiesandexperiencearecomplementary(互补)toeachother.
Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.
Howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.
inductivereasoning归纳法methodology方法论thedeductivereasoning演绎法
TheNeoclassicalPeriod1660-1798withthepublicationofLyricalballadsbyWordsworthandColeridge
theAgeofEnlightenment/Reason–themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcenturiesprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)
modernEnglishnovel–newlyrisingliteraryform现实主义小说诞生(themid-century)
Gothicnovel(哥特式小说)-mystery,horror&castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)
④DanielDefoe(1660—1731)
FatherofEnglishfiction
Hisstoriescouldbebothcredible&fascinating.Hissentencesaresometimesshort,crisp&plain,&sometimeslong&rambling,whichleaveonthereaderonimpressionofcasualnarration.Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquial&mostlyvernacular.Thereisnothingartificialinhislanguage:
itiscommonEnglishatitsbest.
DefoeisgenerallyconsideredthefirstgreatrealisticnovelistinEnglishfiction.
Inmostofhisworks,hegavehispraisetothehard-working,sturdymiddleclass&showedhissympathyforthedowntrodden,unfortunatepoor.
Inthenovel,DefoetracesthegrowthofRobinsonfromanaivesimpleyouthintoamaturehardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.TherealisticpresentationofthesuccessfulstruggleofRobinsonsingle-handedlyagainstthehostilenatureprovesthebestpartofthenovel.Robinsonisherearealhero:
atypicaleighteenth-centuryEnglishmiddle-classmanwithagreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles,instrugglingagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.IndescribingRobinson'slifeontheisland,Defoeglorifieshumanlabor&thepuritanfortitude,whichsaveRobinsonfromdespair&areasourceofpride&happiness.Hetoilsforthesakeofsubsistence,&gethisreward.
⑤JonathanSwift(1667—1745)
isgenerallyconsideredthegreatestprosesatirist讽刺大师inEnglishliteratureinthe18thcentury.Swiftisamastersatirist.Hissatireisusuallymaskedbyanoutwordgravity&anapparentearnestnesswhichrendershissatireallthemorepowerful.SwiftisoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.Heisalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofsimple,direct,preciseprose.Hedefinedagoodstyleas"properwordsinproperplaces."Clear,simple,concretediction,uncomplicatedsentencestructure,economy&concisenessoflanguagemarkallhiswritings-essays,poems&novels.
Gulliver'sTravelsisalsoanartisticmasterpiece.Instructure,thefourpartsmakeanorganicwhole,witheachcontriveduponanindependentstructure,yetcomplementingtheothers&contributingtothecentralconcernofstudyofhumannature&life.Thefirsttwopartsaregenerallyconsideredsmallness.InPartIwordsjustaseffectivelyastheexaggeratedlargenessinPart2.Thesimilaritiesbetweenhumanbeings&theLilliputians&thecontrastbetweentheBrobdingnagians&humanbeingsbothbearreferencetothepossibilitiesofhumanstate.Part3furthersthecriticismofthewesterncivilization&dealswithdifferentmalpractices&falseillusionsaboutscience,philosophy,history&falseillusionsaboutscience,philosophy,history&evenimmortality.Thelastpart,wherecomparisonismadethroughbothsimilarities&differences,leadsthereadertoabasicquestion:
Whatonearthisahuman?
TheRomanticPeriod(1798—1837)浪漫主义
△Romantic-emotionoverreason,spontaneous(自发)emotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace
△Theromanticemphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual’smind.
△Theromanticperiodbeganwith:
in1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge's
①WilliamBlake -poet&engraver(雕刻家)(1757—1872)
Blakewriteshispoemsinplain&directlanguage.Hispoemsoftencarrythelyricbeautywithimmensecompressionofmeaning.Hedistruststheabstractness&tendstoembodyhisviewswithvisualimages.Symbolisminwiderangeisalsoadistinctivefeatureofhispoetry.
1.TheSongsofInnocence(1809)isalovelyvolumeofpoems,presentingahappy&innocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevils&sufferings.TheLamb(fromSongsofInnocence1789).ThelambstandsforGod
2.HisSongsofExperience(1794)paintsadifferentworld,aworldofmisery,poverty,disease,war&repressionwithamelancholytone.ThebenightedEnglandbecomestheworldofthedarkwood&oftheweepingprophet.TheTyger(fromSongsofExperience1794).Thispoemishighlysymbolicwithatouchofmysticismanditisopentovariousinterpretations.象征社会上邪恶的势力
3.TheSickRose(fromSongsofExperience)
②RobertBurns(1759-1796)
Scottishpoet,Ploughmanpoet农夫诗人,Lyricist抒情诗人MostofBurns’spoemsarelyricsonloveandfriendship.Theyhaveagreatcharmofsimplicity.Theyareverymusicalandcanbesung.Hisbest-knownlyricsare"JohnAnderson,MyJo","ARed,RedRose",and"AuldLongSyne".
1786
A.Burnsisthegreatestsongwriterintheworld.HeisthenationalpoetofScotland.MostofhispoemsandsongswerewritteninScotchdialect.
B.Burnswasaplowman.Hecamefromthepeopleandwroteforthepeople.Hewasthepeople'spoet.
C.BurnshadadeepknowledgeandanexcellentmasteryoftheoldScotchsongtradition.Helearnedalotfromitinhispoems.Thiswasthemainfactorofhisgreatsuccess.
③WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)Regardedasa"worshipperofnature."(自然诗人)ToWordsworth,natureembodies,humanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstances.Itisnaturethatgiveshim"strength&knowledgefullofpeace."
CommonlifeisWordsworth''sonlysubjectofliteraryinterest.Thejoys&sorrowsofthecommonpeoplearehisthemes.HissympathyalwaysgoestothesufferingpoorPoetry,hebelievesoriginatesfrom"emotionrecollectedintranquility."Rejectingthecontemporaryemphasi
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