英语辩论赛学习资料.docx
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英语辩论赛学习资料.docx
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英语辩论赛学习资料
PARLIAMENTARYDEBATE
DebatinghaslongbeenavitalpartofAmericaneducation.Trainingindebateimprovesvaluableanalyticalandspeakingskills,andenablesthediscussionofimportantissues,whetherscientific,historical,religiousorpolitical.Itcontributestotheintellectualandethicaldevelopmentofitsparticipantsbychallengingthemtomakedefensiblejudgmentsinwhichtheymustcriticallyinvestigatecomplexissues,questiongivenassumptions,evaluatethereliabilityofdataandconsideralternativeperspectives.Debatestimulatesandrefinescommunicationskillsthatempowerindividualstospeakforthemselves,todiscoverandusetheirownvoices.Butmoststudentsdebatebecauseitisalsofun.Debatingprovidesauniqueintellectualchallengeandexcitement,asMalcolmXreflectedinhisAutobiography:
Standingupthere,thefaceslookingupatme,thethingsinmyheadcomingoutofmymouth,whilemybrainsearchedforthenextbestthingtofollowwhatIwassaying,andifIcouldswaythemtomysidebyhandlingitright,thenIhadwonthedebate--oncemyfeetgotwet,Iwasgoneondebating.1
Academicdebatetakesmanyforms,somehighlyspecializedandotherslessformal,somethatemphasizeresearchandpreparedarguments,andothersthatstressextemporaneousspeakingandanalyticalskills.ParliamentarydebatehaslongbeenthepredominantformofcompetitiveacademicdebatinginmostEnglish-speakingnations.ItisnowthemostwidelypracticedtypeofintercollegiatedebateintheUnitedStatesandmanyAmericansecondaryandmiddleschoolshavealsobeguntodevelopparliamentarydebatingprograms.Thisguideexplainstheformatsandproceduresofparliamentarydebateforuseinclasses,publicdebates,andcompetitivetournaments.
BasedlooselyonthedeliberativediscussionsoftheBritishHouseofCommons,parliamentarydebateislivelyandaudience-oriented.TheHouseofCommons,unliketheU.S.Congress,permitsnowrittenspeechesfromitsmembers.Similarly,nospeeches,briefs,orquotationsarereadinparliamentarydebates.Thedebatersspeakextemporaneouslyinparliamentarycompetition,usingonlythenotestheyhavemadeduringthedebateandpreparationperiod.
Parliamentarydebatediffersfromotherformsofcompetitivedebateinseveraladditionalways.Parliamentarydebatesaremoreoratorical,witty,andaccessibletogeneralaudiences.Theyareshorterthantraditionalpolicydebates,makingthemwell-suitedtoclassroomuse.Parliamentarydebateshaverelativelyfewrules;theyfeaturelessjargonandfewertheoreticalarguments.Therulesofparliamentarydebatingareprimarilydesignedtoensurethatdebatesareevenlymatchedandenjoyable.Becauseparliamentarydebatingislesstechnicalthanotherformsofdebateandeasiertolearn,moststudentsareabletobegindebatinginthisformatalmostimmediately.
Formats
Thespecificformats,rulesandconventionsofparliamentarydebatingvaryindifferentnationsandleagues.2Oneofthevirtuesofparliamentarydebateisitsflexibility.Speakingtimes.numbersofspeakers,judgingandotherelementsofthedebateformatmaybealteredtoaccommodateparticularneedsandpurposes.
Incompetitiveparliamentarydebating,eachroundofdebatehasadifferenttopicannouncedjustbeforethedebatebegins.Theamountofpreparationtimevaries,allowingfromtenminutesto(inBritishsecondaryschooltournaments)onehourofpreparationbetweentheannouncementofthetopicandthebeginningofdebate.3Fifteenminutesisthemostcommonallotment.
Duringpreparationtime,theparticipantsanalyzethepropositionandoutlinetheirmajorarguments.Theyaskthemselves:
Whatdoesthispropositionmean?
Whatimportantissuesareraisedbyit?
Howmayitbeaffirmedordenied?
Whatexamplesandeventsarerelevanttoitsdiscussion?
Theanswerstotheseandotherquestionswillserveasthefoundationforthegovernmentcaseandpreparetheoppositionforitsrefutation.Sometournamentsandcompetitiveleaguespermittheuseofdictionaries,textsandotherpreparedmaterialsduringpreparationtime.Otherslimitorevenprohibitcoachinganduseofpreparedmaterialspriortothedebates.
Thefirstspeakerforthepropositionmustusesomeofthepreparationtimetoorganizethemainissuesofthecaseintoalogicallycompleteandpersuasiveformtoconveythebestpossibleimpressionofthetheircase.Thefirstspeakerthereforeusespreparationtimetoarrangetheessentialelementsofthecaseintoabriefoutline.Theargumentoutlineshouldclearlybringthemajorelementsofthecaseintorelationwitheachotherandconstituteacompletecaseonbehalfofthemotion.
AstandardAmericantournamentformatforparliamentarydebateconsistsofsixspeeches:
Firstpropositionconstructivespeech7minutes
Firstoppositionconstructivespeech8minutes
Secondpropositionconstructivespeech8minutes
Secondoppositionconstructivespeech8minutes
Oppositionrebuttal4minutes
Propositionrebuttal5minutes
Thespeakersfortheproposition(sometimescalledthegovernment),openandclosethedebateindefenseofthemotion.UnlikeotherformsofAmericanteamdebate,parliamentarydebatefeaturesjustonerebuttalperside.Therebuttalisgivenbythefirstconstructivespeakerforeachteam.
ThepresidingofficerofeachdebateistheChair,orSpeakeroftheHouse(usuallyajudgeormoderator).TheSpeakeroftheHousemanagesthedebate,recognizesthespeakers,andrulesuponanydisputesthatariseinthecourseoftheround.4TheSpeakerintroduceseachdebaterinturn.Thereisnopreparationtimebetweenspeeches.Afteronespeechisfinished,theSpeakeroftheHousecallsuponthenextdebatertoproceed.
InmostAmericantournamentdebating,therearetwopersonsonateam,withonepersononeachteamspeakingtwice.Publicdebatesoftenfeaturethree-personteams,withadifferentpersongivingeachspeechinthedebate.Three-personteamsallowmorepeopletoparticipateandprovidemorevarietyforaudiences.
Topics
Parliamentarydebatesmayeitherhavesettopics,knowndaysorweeksinadvanceofthedebate,orbeconductedextemporaneously.InAmericanparliamentarydebating,settopicsareusedprimarilyforone-on-onedebatesbetweentwoschoolsandforpublicdebates,sothatthetopiccanbeannouncedandpublicized.Settopicspermitadvanceresearch,brainstormingandpracticedebates.Inthedebatesthemselves,however,minimalnotesareusedandnospeechesorbriefsareread.Writtenquotationsareusedsparinglyornotatall.Parliamentarytournamentdebatingisgenerallyextemporaneous.,withadifferenttopicannouncedafewminutesbeforeeachround.5
Mostpropositionsinparliamentarydebatebeginwitheitherthephrase"Beitresolvedthat.."(oftenabbreviatedas"B.I.R.T.")or"ThisHousebelieves..."(or"ThisHousewouldThe"House,"unlessotherwisespecifiedbythefirstpropositionspeaker,referstothejudge(s)andaudienceattendingthedebate,whoserveasadeliberativeparliament.Thepropositionortopicinaparliamentarydebateisusuallyreferredtoasthemotion.
TwotypesofmotionsarecommonlyusedinAmericanparliamentarytournamentdebating:
straightmotionsandlinkablemotions.
Straightmotionsaremeanttobedebatedliterally.Theymaybedrawnfromcurrentevents(e.g.,"BeitresolvedthattheUnitedStatesshouldliftitseconomicsanctionsagainstCuba";or"ThisHousewouldsupporttheadmissionofRussiatoN.A.T.O."),ortheymaybebroaderstatementsofhistoricaljudgmentorphilosophy("BeitresolvedthattheAmericandreamhasbecomeanAmericannightmare";"ThisHousebelievesthattheUnitedStateshasbeenmoresinnedagainstthansinning").Somemotionsrequirevaluecomparison("ThisHousebelievesthatthelocalispreferabletotheglobal";"ThisHousedespisesflatterymorethanslander").Suchdebatesrelyuponexamplestoproveordisprovetheproposition,butthepropositionitselfisstillthefocusofthedebate.Inmotionsusedfortournamentcompetition,thepropositionteamissometimespermittedtochoosewhichsideofagivenissueitwilldefend(e.g.,"TheUnitedStatesshould/shouldnotextendMostFavoredNationtradestatustoChina").Theirchoiceisannouncedatthebeginningofthedebate.
Linkablemotionsneednotbedebatedliterally,butmayinsteadbelinkedtospecificpolicyproposalsselectedbythegovernmentteamandnotknownbytheoppositionuntilthefirstconstructivespeechisheard.Alinkablemotionmaybedrawnfromapithyquotation("B.J.R.T.Itisbettertodieonone'sfeetthantoliveonone'sknees")orasonglyric("B.I.R.T.freedom'sjustanotherwordfornothin'lefttolose").Thepropositionteammaydefinethetermsofthemotioninmostanywaytheychoose,generallylinkingtheabstractmotiontosomespecificcontroversythroughtheuseofmetaphors.Forexample,thelasttopic("freedom'sjustanotherword)mightbelinkedtoacasestatementinfavorofrestoringtheeligibilityoflegalimmigrants(whocamehereseeking"freedom")forwelfarebenefits(withoutwhich,theyhave"nothin'lefttolose").Thetopic"itisbettertodieonone'sfeetmightbelinkedtothecasestatementthat"theUnitedStatesshouldnotextendMostFavoredNationstatustoChina,"arguingthatAmericashould"standup"foritsprinciplesratherthanremainingonitskneestoplacateChina.
Thelinkbetweenthemotionandcaseisoftenquiteloose,althoughsomeleaguesandtournamentsinsistupontightlinks.Topicalityarguments,commoninotherformsofAmericancompetitivedebating,arehighlyunusualinmostparliamentarydebatingleagues,inpartbecausetheyareregardedaslessinterestingtha
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