陕西省南郑中学高中英语Module 3 Literature 第二部分教学资源 2外研版选修7.docx
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陕西省南郑中学高中英语Module 3 Literature 第二部分教学资源 2外研版选修7.docx
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陕西省南郑中学高中英语Module3Literature第二部分教学资源2外研版选修7
Section1BackgroundReadingsforModule3Literature
I.CharlesDickens
Dickens'snovelscombinebrutalitywithfairy-talefantasy;sharp,realistic,concretedetailwithromance,farce,andmelodrama.;theordinarywiththestrange.Theyrangethroughthecomic,tender,dramatic,sentimental,grotesque,melodramatic,horrible,eccentric,mysterious,violent,romantic,andmorallyearnest.ThoughDickenswasawareofwhathisreaderswantedandwasdeterminedtomakeasmuchmoneyashecouldwithhiswriting,hebelievednovelshadamoralpurpose–toarouseinnatemoralsentimentsandtoencouragevirtuousbehaviorinreaders.ItwashismoralpurposethatledtheLondonTimestocallDickens"thegreatestinstructoroftheNineteenthCentury"inhisobituary.
Alwaysconcernedtomakemoneywithhiswritings,Dickenstookseriously thenegativeresponsemanyreadershadtohisdarkernovels. Hedeliberatelyaddressedtheirdiscontent(不满)whenhewroteGreatExpectations,wh
ichheaffirmedwaswritten"inamostsingularandcomicmanner."
Duringhislifetime,CharlesDickenswasthemostfamouswriterinEuropeandAmerica.WhenhevisitedAmericatogiveaseriesoflectures,hisadmirersfollowedhim,waitedoutsidehishotel,peeredinwindowsathim,andharassedhiminrailwaycars.Intheirenthusiasm,Dickens'sadmirersbehavedverymuchlikethefansofasuperstartoday.
II.Dickens’assessmentofhumanaffairs(fromATaleofTwoCities)
Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway--inshort,theperiodwassofarlikethepresentperiod,thatsomeofitsnoisiestauthoritiesinsistedonitsbeingreceived,forgoodorforevil,inthesuperlativedegreeofcomparisononly.
那是最美好的时代,那是最糟糕的时代;那是智慧的年头,那是愚昧的年头;那是信仰的时期,那是怀疑的时期;那是光明的季节,那是黑暗的季节;那是希望的春天,那是失望的冬天;我们全都在直奔天堂,我们全都在直奔相反的方向--简而言之,那时跟现在非常相象,某些最喧嚣的权威坚持要用形容词的最高级来形容它。
说它好,是最高级的;说它不好,也是最高级的。
III.AboutEnglishLiterature
EnglishliteratureisproducedinEngland,fromtheintroductionofoldEnglishbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe5thcenturytothepresent.TheworksofthoseIrishandScottishauthorswhoarecloselyidentifiedwithEnglishlifeandlettersarealsoconsideredpartofEnglishliterature.
1.OldEnglish,orAnglo-SaxonEra
Thisperiodextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.TheGermanictribesfromEuropewhooverran(蔓延)Englandinthe5thcentury,aftertheRomanwithdrawal,broughtwiththemtheOldEnglish,orAnglo-Saxonlanguage,whichisthebasisofModernEnglish.Theybroughtalsoaspecificpoetictradition,theformalcharacterofwhichremainedsurprisinglyconstantuntiltheterminationoftheirrulebytheNorman-Frenchinvaderssixcenturieslater.
2.MiddleEnglishPeriod
Extendingfrom1066to1485,thisperiodisnotedfortheextensiveinfluenceofFrenchliteratureonnativeEnglishformsandthemes.FromtheNormanconquestofEnglandin1066untilthe14thcentury,FrenchlargelyreplacedEnglishinordinaryliterarycomposition,andLatinmaintaineditsroleasthelanguageoflearnedworks.Bythe14thcentury,whenEnglishagainbecamethechosenlanguageoftherulingclasses,ithadlostmuchoftheOldEnglishinflectionalsystem,hadundergonecertainsoundchanges,andhadacquiredthecharacteristicitstillpossessesoffreelytakingintothenativestocknumbersofforeignwords,inthiscaseFrenchandLatinones.Thus,thevariousdialectsofMiddleEnglishspokeninthe14thcenturyweresimilartoModernEnglishandcanbereadwithoutgreatdifficultytoday.
3.TheRenaissance(文艺复兴时期)
AgoldenageofEnglishliteraturecommenced(开始)in1485andlasteduntil1660.Malory’sLemorted’ArthurwasamongthefirstworkstobeprintedbyWilliamCaxton,whointroducedtheprintingpresstoEnglandin1476.Fromthattimeon,readershipwasvastlymultiplied.Thegrowthofthemiddleclass,thecontinuingdevelopmentoftrade,thenewcharacterandthoroughness(完全)ofeducationforlaypeople(非神职人员)andnotonlyclergy(神职人员),thecentralizationofpowerandofmuchintellectuallifeinthecourtoftheTudorandStuartmonarchs,andthewideninghorizonsofexplorationgaveafundamentalnewimpetus(促进)anddirectiontoliterature.Thenewliteratureneverthelessdidnotfullyflourishuntilthelast20yearsofthe1500s,duringthereignofQueenElizabethI.Literarydevelopmentintheearlierpartofthe16thcenturywasweakenedbythediversionofintellectualenergiestothepolemics(辩论法)ofthereligiousstrugglebetweentheRomanCatholicChurchandtheChurchofEngland,aproductoftheReformation.
4.TheRestorationPeriodandthe18thCentury
Thisperiodextendsfrom1660,theyearCharlesIIwasrestoredtothethrone,untilabout1789.TheprevailingcharacteristicoftheliteratureoftheRenaissancehadbeenitsreliance(依靠)onpoeticinspirationorwhattodaymightbecalledimagination.TheinspiredconceptionsofMarlowe,Shakespeare,and
Milton,thetrueoriginalityofSpenser,andthedaringpoeticstyleofDonneallsupportthisgeneralization.Furthermore,althoughnearlyallthesepoetshadbeenfarmorebound(限制
)byformalandstylisticconventionsthanmodernpoetsare,theyhaddevelopedalargevarietyofformsandofrichorexuberant(丰富的)stylesintowhichindividualpoeticexpressionmightfit.
5.TheRomanticAge
Extendingfromabout1789until1837,theRomanticagestressedemotionoverreason.OneobjectiveoftheFrenchRevolutionwastodestroyanoldertraditionthathadcometoseemartificial,andtoasserttheliberty,spirit,andheartfeltunityofthehumanrace.TomanywritersoftheRomanticagethisobjectiveseemedequa
llyappropriateinthefieldofEnglishletters.Inaddition,theRomanticageinEnglishliteraturewascharacterizedbythesubordinationofreasontointuition(直觉)andpassion,thecultofnaturemuchasthewordisnowunderstoodandnotasPopeunderstoodit,theprimacy(首位)oftheindividualwilloversocialnormsofbehavior,thepreferencefortheillusionofimmediateexperienceasopposedtogeneralizedandtypicalexperience,andtheinterestinwhatisdistantintimeandplace.
6.TheVictorianEra
TheVictorianera,fromthecoronation(加冕礼)ofQueenVictoriain1837untilherdeathin1901,wasaneraofseveralunsettlingsocialdevelopmentsthatforcedwritersmorethaneverbeforetotakepositionsontheimmediateissuesanimatingtherestofsociety.Thus,althoughromanticformsofexpressioninpoetryandprose(散文)continuedtodominateEnglishliteraturethroughoutmuchofthecentury,theattentionofmanywriterswasdirected,sometimespassionately,tosuchissuesasthegrowthofEnglishdemocracy(民主主义),theeducationofthemasses,theprogressofindustrialenterpriseandtheconsequ
entris
eofamaterialistic(唯物主义的)philosophy,andtheplight(困境)ofthenewlyindustrializedworker.Inaddition,theunsettlingofreligiousbeliefbynewadvancesinscience,particularlythetheoryofevolutionandthehistoricalstudyoftheBible,drewotherwritersawayfromtheimmemorialsubjectsofliteratureintoconsiderationsofproblemsoffaithandtruth.
7.20th—CenturyLiterature
Twoworldwars,anintervening(干涉)economicdepressionofgreatseverity,andtheausterity(节俭)oflifeinGreatBritainfollowingthesecondofthesewarshelptoexplainthequalityanddirectionofEnglishliteratureinthe20thcentury.ThetraditionalvaluesofWesterncivilization,whichtheVictorianshadonlybeguntoquestion,cametobequestionedseriouslybeanumberofnewwriters,whosawsocietybreakingdownaroundthem.Traditionalliteraryformswereoftendiscarded,andnewonessucceededoneanotherwithbewilderingrapidity,aswriterssoughtfresherwaysofexpressingwhattheytooktobenewkindsofexperience,orexperienceseeninnewways.
Section2TheAnalysisoftheDifficultSentencesfromModule3Literature
1.Thebowlsneverneededwashing,astheboyscleanedthemwiththeirspoons,tryingtoeateverybitofsoup.粥碗从来用不着洗,孩子们费用汤匙把碗刮得重又明光正亮了才放手,试图吃掉每一点粥。
一、needwashing=needtobewashed
“need”既可以作情态动词,也可以作实义动词,但是它们的用法不同。
1)作为情态动词的“need”的用法与其他情态动词“can”,“may”,“must”的用法基本相同:
在限定动词词组中总是位居第一,没有非限定形式,即没有不定式、-ing分词或-ed分词等形式;第三人称单数现在时没有词形变化;情态动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能有一个情态动词。
下面是“need”作为情态动词的用法:
a.need表示“需要”或“必须”,通常用于否定句和疑问句。
例如:
Youneedn’tdoitagain.你不需要再做了。
Heneedn’tworryaboutit.这件事他无需担心。
Needhedothishomeworkfirst?
他需要先做这些作业吗?
Needtheyfillintheform?
他们需要填表吗?
b.在否定句中,可以用need的否定形式+不定式完成体。
例如:
Weneedn’thaveworried.其实我们不必要慌。
Youneedn’thavementionedit.你本来不必提起这件事。
Youneedn’thavesaidthatwhenheasked.当他问的时候,你其实不必要说。
c.needn’t后的不定式间或也能用进行式或被动语态。
例如:
Heneedn’tbestandingintherain.他不必要站在雨中。
Weneedn’tbewaitinginthisplace.我们不必要在这儿等。
Thehedgesneedn’tbetrimmedthisweek.本周树蓠不必要整修。
2)“need”作为实义动词时,通常用法是:
人+need+todo
物+need+doing
物+need+to
bedone
另外,“need”后还可以直接跟名词。
请看下面的例子:
WeneedtocollecttheparcelbeforeweleaveforEngland.去英国之前,我们需要收拾好行李。
Weneedtotellhimthetruth.我们需要告诉他真相。
Mycarneedsrepairing.我的汽车需要修理。
Theflowersneedwatering.这些花需要浇水。
Hisleathershoesneedstobemended.他的皮鞋需要修补。
Herroomneedscleaning.她的房间需要打扫。
Itisaquestionthatneedsverycarefulconsideration.这是一个需要慎重考虑的问题。
Ineedawatch.我需要一块手表。
二、as还可以引导其他从句。
例如:
1)引导时间状语从句:
Henoticedsomeonenoddingtohimashegotoffthebus.
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