全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语一真题+解析答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语一真题+解析答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题+解析答案
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语
(一)
(科目代码:
201)
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It__1__inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen__2__startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But__3__agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.
Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe__4__ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe__5__thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor__6__thistypeofdecline.
Theresearcherslookedatdatathat__7__measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand__8__thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople__9__highermeasuresofabdominalfat__10__worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears__11__.
Forwomen,theassociationmaybe__12__tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe__13__.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould__14__thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent__15__formenandwomen.
__16__therearestepsyoucan__17__tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental__18__.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour__19__ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style__20__thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.
1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks[D]fades
2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally
3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until
4.[A]detection[B]accumulation.[C]consumption[D]separation
5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement
6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize
7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted
8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied
9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against
10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played
11.[A]ranout[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]wentby
12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant
13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled
14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain
15.[A]compensation[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments
16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead
17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take
18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination
19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space
20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?
Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:
everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.
Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?
EquallythereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.
However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.
TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.
21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengers'fares_____.
[A]willeasetrainoperation'sburden.
[B]haskeptpacewithinflation.
[C]isabigsurprisetocommuters.
[D]remainsanunreasonablemeasure.
22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor_____.
[A]cardrivers
[B]railtravelers
[C]localinvestors
[D]ordinarytaxpayers
23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators_____.
[A]areofferingcompensationstocommuters.
[B]aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.
[C]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.
[D]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.
24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface_____.
[A]thelossofinvestment.
[B]thecollapseofoperations.
[C]areductionofrevenue
[D]achangeofownership.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?
[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork
[C]CanNationalizationBringHope?
[D]Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable
Text2
LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.
In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.
ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.
That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.
Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.
Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,"weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,"Ferrarosays.
That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.
Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.
26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto_____.
[A]facilitatehealthcarereform.
[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.
[C]improvelocaleducationsystems.
[D]lowerdeforestationrates.
27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat_____.
[A]cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.
[B]CCTprogramshavehehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.
[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.
[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.
28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferraro
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