阮绩智进出口贸易实务简答题.docx
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阮绩智进出口贸易实务简答题.docx
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阮绩智进出口贸易实务简答题
(1)Whatisinternationaltrade?
Viewedfromtheinternationalsphere,theexchangesofgoodsandservicesacrossinternationalboundariesorterritoriesareworldwidetradetransactions,andalsoknownasinternationaltradeorworldtrade.
(2)Whatarethebenefitsofinternationaltrade?
Canyoulistafewexamplesfromyourdailylife?
Thebenefitsofinternationaltradeincludecheapergoods,morechoicesofgoods,widermarketfordomesticproducers,andthegrowthofdomesticandworldeconomy.
(1)Enhancethedomesticcompetitiveness
(2)Takeadvantageofinternationaltradetechnology
(3)Increasesalesandprofits
(4)Extendsalespotentialoftheexistingproducts
(5)Maintaincostcompetitivenessinyourdomesticmarket
(6)Enhancepotentialforexpansionofyourbusiness
(7)Gainaglobalmarketshare
(8)Reducedependenceonexistingmarkets
(9)Stabilizeseasonalmarketfluctuations
(3)What’sthedifferencebetweeninternationaltradeanddomestictrade?
Thefundamentalcharacteristicmakinginternationaltradedifferentfromdomestictradeisthatinternationaltradeinvolvestransactionsthattakeplaceacrossnationalborders.Specialproblemsmayariseininternationaltrade,whicharenotnormallyexperiencedindomestictrade.
Theseproblemsarelistedasfollows:
·Internationaltradeusuallyhastobeconductedinforeignlanguagesandunderforeignlawsandregulations.·Itisdifficulttoobtaininformationaboutthecreditandfinancialstandingofthepossibledealingpartners.·Itisoftenunavoidabletouseforeigncurrencyininternationaltradeandexchangeratevariationscanberiskytointernationaltraders.·Numerousculturedifferencesmayhavetobetakenintoaccountininternationaltrade.·Riskslevelsmightbehigherinforeignmarket.Therisksincludepoliticalrisks,commercialrisks,financialrisksandtransportationrisks.
(4)Whydomanycountriesimposerestrictionsontrade?
somecountriesimposerestrictionsonimportinordertomaintainabalanceoftradeandbalanceofpayments.
(5)Whatisatariff?
Howisitclassified?
Atariffbarrierisadirectmonetaryburdentodiscouragetradeinwhichadutyorfeeisleviedongoodsbeingimportedinto(orexportedoutof)acountry.Anon-tariffbarrier,ontheotherhand,isnotdirectlyamonetaryburdenthoughitoftencostsmoretimeandmoney.Non-tariffbarriersincludequota,license,foreignexchangecontrol,technicalstandards,andregulations,etc.Terms
(6)Howmanytradeformsdoyouknow?
Pleasecommentontwoofthembriefly.
1.Distributorship:
anarrangementwherethemanufacturermakesitsmoneyonthesaleoftheactualgoodsthataredistributedratherthanfortherighttodistributethegoods.
2.Tenders:
aformaldocumentusedbypotentialsupplierstobuy,or‘procure’,particulargoodsandservices.3.Consignment4.Auction5.Agency6.Countertrade
(7)Canyounamesomeoftheorganizationsinvolvedininternationaltradeandexplainthem?
1.WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)
2.InternationalChamberofCommerce(ICC)
3.WorldBank
4.InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)
5.UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD)
(8)Canyoudescribesomefrequentlyusedlawsandregulationsininternationaltrade?
1.theUniformRulesforCollections(ICCPublicationNo.552,1995),《托收统一规则》
2.theUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits,ICCPublicationNo.600《跟单信用证统一惯例》(国际商会第600号出版物)
3.INCOTERMS2010《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》
1.UnitedNationsConventiononInternationalBillsofExchangeandInternationalPromissoryNotes《联合国国际汇票和国际本票公约》
2.UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(CISG)《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》
(1)Beforebusinessnegotiationswhatpreparationsdoyouthinkthesellershouldmake?
1.Makeinvestigationsabouttheinternationalmarket.
2.Makecarefulmarketingplans.
3.Dosomepopularizationsoastohavebusinesscontacts.
(2)Howmanystepsdoesabusinessnegotiationusuallyundergo?
Whichareindispensable
stepsfortheformationofasalescontract?
Why?
There'refivestages:
enquiry,offer,counter-offer,acceptance,conclusionofacontract.
Offerandacceptanceareindispensablestages,becausethey'rerequiredfortheformationofasalescontract.
(3)Whatdothesellerandbuyernegotiateininternationaltradenegotiation?
(1)termsofcommodity,includingthename,quality,quantity,packing,inspection,etc.;
(2)priceterms,includingunitprice,totalprice,priceterms,commissionordiscount,etc.;
(3)deliveryterms,includingdeliverytime,place,modeoftransportation,transportationinsurance,etc.;
(4)paymentterms,includingpaymentinstrument,paymentmethod,paymenttime,paymentplace,etc.;
(5)conditionsforsettlingdisputes,includingclaims,arbitration,etc.
(4)Whyshouldtherebegeneraltermsandconditions?
(5)Whatisthedifferencebetweenafirmofferandnon-firmoffer?
Afirmofferistheofferwithacertaintimelimitwhileanon-firmofferistheofferwithoutengagement.
Afirmoffermustsatisfythefollowingrequisiteconditions:
Itmustbesenttooneormorespecificpersons;
Thecontentsmustbedefinite,thatis,theconditionsgivenmustbecomplete,clearandfinal.Afirmoffershouldincludeatleastthreespecificconditions:
thename,thequantity,thepriceofthecommodity;
Itmustindicatethatonceithasbeenunconditionallyacceptedbytheofferedwithinitsvalidity,theofferisbindingonbothparties;
Ittakeseffectonlyaftertheofferreachestheofferee.Itisalwaysnecessarytostatethespecifictimezonewhenspecifyingthetimeofarrival.
(6)Canyoutellbrieflytherequisiteconditionsthatafirmoffermustsatisfy?
Afirmoffershouldincludeatleastthreespecificconditions:
thename,thequantity,thepriceofthecommodity.
1.Itmustbesenttooneormorespecificpersons.
2.Thecontentsoftheoffermustbedefinite,thatis,theconditionsgivenmustbecomplete,clearandfinal.Afirmoffershouldincludeatleastthreespecificconditions:
thename,thequantityandthepriceofthecommodity.
3.Itmustindicatethatonceithasbeenunconditionallyacceptedbytheofferedwithinthevalidity,theofferisbindingonbothparties.
4.Ittakeseffectonlyaftertheofferreachestheofferee.It'salwaysnecessarytostatethespecifictimezonewhenspecifyingthetimeofarrival.
(7)Whatdoesanacceptancemean?
Acceptanceistheassenttothetermsandconditionsoftheoffer,requiredbeforeacontractcanbevalid.
(8)Whyisawrittencontractsoimportant?
evidencethatthetwopartieshavecometoanagreement.
anecessaryconditionfortheformationofacontract.
thebasisuponwhichthepartiesconcernedperformthecontract.
(9)Whataretheessentialelementsofasalescontract?
thenameofcommodity,specification,quantity,packing,price,shipment,portofshipmentandportofdestination,payment,etc.italsoprovidessuchclausesasclaims,forcemajeureandarbitrationcoveringtherightsandliabilitiesofthepartiesandthedisputesettlement
(1)Whataretradeterms?
Whyaretheyusedininternationaltrade?
Tradeterms,alsoreferredtoas“priceterms”or“deliveryterms”,definetheobligationsofthebuyerandthesellerasregardsthepointofdelivery,procurementoftransportdocuments,contractofinsurance,andotherdocumentsnecessaryfortheexportandimportofthegoods.
Tradetermsareabbreviationsusedtoindicatetheformationoftheunitpriceanddeterminetheresponsibilities,expensesandrisksbornebytwopartiesaswellasthetimeofthepassingofthepropertyinthegoods.
(2)Whatarethemaininternationalconventionsontradeterms?
Whattradetermsdotheyinterpretrespectively?
1.Warsaw-OxfordRules(W.O.Rules)1932
《1932年华沙—牛津规则》
2.RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1990
《1990美国对外贸易定义修订本》
3.InternationalRulesFortheInterpretationofTradeTerms2010
《2010国际贸易术语解释通则》
(3)WhatisIncoterms2010?
Firstpublishedin1936,theruleshavebeenperiodicallyupdated,withtheeighthversion—Incoterms2010—becomingeffectiveonJanuary1,2011.IncotermsrulesarerecognizedbyUNCITRAL(联合国国际贸易法委员会)astheglobalstandardfortheinterpretationofthemostcommontermsininternationaltrade.
(4)WhatarethebenefitsoforganizingthetermsinIncoterms2010intotwodistinctclasses?
AccordingtotheICC,allcontractsmadeunderIncoterms2000remainvalidevenafter2011.Inaddition,althoughtheICCrecommendsusingINCOTERMS2010fromJanuary2011onward,partiestoacontractforthesaleofgoodscanagreetochooseanyversionoftheIncotermsrulesafter2011.Itisimportant,however,toclearlyspecifythechosenversionofIncotermsbeingused(i.e.Incoterms2010,Incoterms2000,oranyearlierversion).
(5)WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongFOBandCFRandCIF?
Similarities:
a.Seller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship’srail.b.Sellerisresponsibleforexportcustomsformalitieswhilebuyerisresponsibleforimportcustomsformalities.c.Buyerisresponsibleforunloadingthegoodsattheportofdestination.d.Allthreetermscanonlybeusedforwaterwaytransportation.
Differences:
a.FOBrequiresthebuyertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CFRrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyer’srisk.
(6)Whatelementsdoesanexportpriceneedtocontain?
Pleasestateyourreasons.
1.tax2.personaltravellingandadministration3.domestictransportation4.customsformalitiesha
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