IoTin.docx
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IoTin.docx
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IoTin
InternetofThingsin2020
ROADMAPFORTHEFUTURE
INFSOD.4NETWORKEDENTERPRISE&RFIDINFSOG.2MICRO&NANOSYSTEMSinco-operationwiththe
WORKINGGROUPRFIDOFTHEETPEPOSS
Version1.1-27May,2008
“Imaginethingshavingidentitiesandvirtualpersonalitiesoperatinginsmartspacesusingintelligentinterfacestoconnectandcommunicatewithinsocial,environmental,andusercon-texts.”
Tableofcontent
Executivesummary5
TheInternetofThings(IoT)6
Technology8
Widertechnologicaltrends8
Enablers8
Energy8
Intelligence9
Communication9
Integration9
Interoperability10
Standards10
Manufacturing10
Barriers11
Governance11
PrivacyandSecurity11
Europeanstrengths12
Applications13
Thingsonthemove13
Retail13
Logistics14
Pharmaceutical14
Food15
Ubiquitousintelligentdevices15
Ambientandassistedliving17
Health17
IntelligentHome18
Transportation19
Society20
People,securityandprivacy20
ApolicyforpeopleintheInternetofThings21
EducationandInformation21
Legislation22
Environmentalaspects22
ResourceEfficiency22
Pollutionanddisasteravoidance23
Outlooktothefuture24
Extrapolationoftechnologytrendsandongoingresearch28
Topicsrequiringneworintensifiedresearch28
Appendix1:
Acknowledgements30
Workshop30
Report30
Workshopparticipants30
Reference34
Executivesummary
Thisreportoutlinestheresultsoftheworkshop“BeyondRFID–TheInternetofThings”.TheworkshopwasinitiatedandjointlyorganisedbytheCommissionandEPoSSandmorethan80invitedexpertswithexpertiseindifferentfieldsofrelatedtechnologiesandresearchattendedtheevent.Thisreportisnotconfinedtosummarisingthediscussionsandconclusionsoftheworkshop,butalsoelaboratesonthemesidentifiedattheworkshoptosubstantiatewhattheInternetofThingsmightbecomeinthefuture.
RadioFrequencyIdentificationtechniques(RFID)andrelatedidentificationtechnologieswillbethecornerstoneoftheupcomingInternetofThings(IoT).WhileRFIDwasinitiallydevelopedwithretailandlogisticsapplicationsinmindinordertoreplacethebarcode,developmentsofactivecomponentswillmakethistechnologymuchmorethanasimpleidentificationscheme.Inthenottoodistantfuture,itcanbeexpectedthatasinglenumberingscheme,suchasIPv6,willmakeeverysingleobjectidentifiableandaddressable.Smartcomponentswillbeabletoexecutedifferentsetofactions,accordingtotheirsurroundingsandthetaskstheyaredesignedfor.Therewillbenolimittotheactionsandoperationsthesesmart“things”willbeabletoperform:
forinstance,deviceswillbeabletodirecttheirtransport,adapttotheirrespectiveenvironments,self-configure,self-maintain,self-repair,andeventuallyevenplayanactiveroleintheirowndisposal.
Toreachsuchalevelofambientintelligence,however,majortechnologicalinnovationsanddevelopmentswillneedtotakeplace.Governance,standardisationandinteroperabilityareabsolutenecessitiesonthepathtowardsthevisionofthingsabletocommunicatewitheachother.Inthisrespect,newpowerefficient,securitycentredandfullyglobalcommunicationprotocolsandsustainablestandardsmustbedeveloped,allowingvastamountofinformationtobesharedamongstthingsandpeople.Theabilityofthesmartdevicestowithstandanykindofharshenvironmentandharvestenergyfromtheirsurroundingsbecomescrucial.Furthermore,amajorresearchissuewillbetoenabledeviceadaptation,autonomousbehaviour,intelligence,robustness,andreliability.Thegeneralorganisationalarchitectureofintelligent“things”willbeoffundamentalimportance:
whetheritshouldbecentralisedortotallydistributed.
AnothercentralissueoftheInternetofThingswillberelatedtotrust,privacyandsecurity,notonlyforwhatconcernsthetechnologicalaspects,butalsofortheeducationofthepeopleatlarge.Thegrowingdatademandandhigherdatatransferrateswillrequirestrongersecuritymodelsemployingcontextrelatedsecurity,whichinreturnwillhelpthecitizenstobuildtrustandconfidenceinthesenoveltechnologiesratherthanincreasingfearsoftotalsurveillancescenarios.Thedisseminationofthebenefitsthatthesetechnologiescanbringtothegeneralpublicwillalsobeessentialforthesuccessofthistechnologyonthemarket.TherealadvantagesoftheIoThavetobeshownconvincingly,allcitizens’concernsmustbeaddressedandtakenintoaccountwhendevelopinginnovativesolutionsandproposals.
ItisthereforeexpectedthattheInternetofthingswillbecomearealityoverthenext20years;withomnipresentsmartdeviceswirelesslycommunicatingoverhybridandad-hocnetworksofdevices,sensorsandactuatorsworkinginsynergytoimprovethequalityofourlivesandconsistentlyreducingtheecologicalimpactofmankindontheplanet.
TheInternetofThings(IoT)
Itisforeseeablethatanyobjectwillhaveauniquewayofidentificationinthecomingfuture,whatiscommonlyknowninthenetworkingfieldofcomputersciencesas“UniqueAddress1“,creatinganaddressablecontinuumofcomputers,sensors,actuators,mobilephones;i.e.anythingorobjectaroundus.Havingthecapacityofaddressingeachotherandverifyingtheiridentities,alltheseobjectswillbeabletoexchangeinformationand,ifnecessary,activelyprocessinformationaccordingtopredefinedschemes,whichmayormaynotbedeterministic.
Thedefinitionof“InternetofThings”hasstillsomefuzziness,andcanhavedifferentfacetsdependingonthebeholder.ConsideringthefunctionalityandidentityascentralitisreasonabletodefinetheIoTas“Thingshavingidentitiesandvirtualpersonalitiesoperatinginsmartspacesusingintelligentinterfacestoconnectandcommunicatewithinsocial,environmental,andusercontexts”.Adifferentdefinition,thatputsthefocusontheseamlessintegration,couldbeformulatedas“InterconnectedobjectshavinganactiveroleinwhatmightbecalledtheFutureInternet”.
Thesemanticoriginoftheexpressioniscomposedbytwowordsandconcepts:
“Internet”and“Thing”,where“Internet”canbedefinedas“Theworld-widenetworkofinterconnectedcomputernetworks,basedonastandardcommunicationprotocol,theInternetsuite(TCP/IP)”,while“Thing”is“anobjectnotpreciselyidentifiable”Therefore,semantically,“InternetofThings”means“aworld-widenetworkofinterconnectedobjectsuniquelyaddressable,basedonstandardcommunicationprotocols”.
Thesetofactionsthatthefutureobjectsshouldbeabletodoisamatterofresearch.Ingeneral,enablingtheobjecttoknowitscommonpropertiessuchascreation,recycling,transformation,ownershipchange,orusefordifferentpurposeswillenableobjectsorthingsofthephysicalworldtointeractactivelyanddecisivelywiththeenvironment.Forexample,theintegrationofcommunicationcapabilitiesbetweenRFIDtags,sensorsandactuatorsisseenasaveryimportantareawhichneedstobestudiedtogetherwiththeintegrationofsuchdevicesintohybridwirelesssensornetworksthatarecharacterisedbymodularity,reliability,flexibility,robustnessandscalability.
WhilethecurrentInternetisacollectionofratheruniformdevices,howeverheterogeneousinsomecapabilitiesbutverysimilarforwhatconcernspurposeandproperties,itistobeexpectedthattheIoTwillexhibitamuchhigherlevelofheterogeneity,asobjectsoftotallydifferentintermsoffunctionality,technologyandapplicationfieldswillbelongtothesamecommunicationenvironment.
Inthisvisionofthefuture,isiteasytoimaginethingsthatareabletotransportthemselves:
e.g.byconsultingglobalpositioningsystemsensorsonitsway,instructingconveyorbeltsforitsrouting,consultinglogisticsinformationdatabasesanddecidethemselvesuponthebestroutetotheirdestinations;oralternativelythethingsmayconsultanexternalentityliketheircustomersbeforemakingdecisionsthatwillincreasecostorcausedelays.Therewillbefullyautomatedsupplynetworks,autonomouswarehouses,andthecustomerswillnotonlyknowwhenathingpassescertaintransitcheckpoints,butmonitorentirelythetransportroutefromthepointanobjectorproductleavesthemanufacturer.
Obviously,allsuchdeviceswillneedtoharvesttheirownenergy.Overcomingthepowerproblemwillallowthethingsnotonlytocommunicateforindefinitelylong,butalsotorelayinformationfromotherobjects.Inenvironmentswheretherewillbenofixedaccesspointofferingefficientcommunicationforthethings,theywillformextensivead-hocnetworksroutinginformationtowardstheinfrastructureortheirdestinationnodeintheformednetwork.Thisallowssensorstobeplacedeverywhere,evenwhentheinfrastructureisweakorabsent,andevenifthesensorsaremobile.
Recentyearshaveseentheraiseofsocialnetworksandthevirtualworldswithrealpeoples’avatarsenjoyingtheirsecondlife.Anyone“alwaysconnected”maytwittertheircontextwiththoseinterestedandauthorisedtoseetheperson’swhereabouts.Withproperauthorisationanindividual’smobilephonemayconsultanystationarysensorintheroomaboutitslocation,thethermometeronthewallaboutthetemperatureandthehygrometeraboutthelocalweather,andcommunicatethistotheperson’sfriends;andtheirphoneswillplaytheirfriend’stunewhenthepersonisenteringthesamebuilding.Thevirtualentitymayfinallycoalescewithaperson’sphysicalpresence–providedthatthepersonpermits.
Newinnovativeapplicationswillemergefromthissocialandtechnologicalcontextexploitingtheconnectivityandaccessibilityofeverything.Somecanreadily
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