托福阅读真题集锦三.docx
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托福阅读真题集锦三.docx
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托福阅读真题集锦三
托福阅读真题集锦(三)
PASSAGE5
Perhapsthemostobviouswayartisticcreationreflectshowpeopleliveisbymirroringtheenvironment—thematerialsandtechnologiesavailabletoaculture.Stone,wood,treebark,clay,andsandaregenerallyavailablematerials.Inaddition,dependingonthelocality,otherresourcesmaybeaccessible:
shells,horns,gold,copper,andsilver.Thedifferentusestowhichsocietiesputthesematerialsareofinteresttoanthropologistswhomayask,forexample,whypeoplechoosetouseclayandnotcopperwhenbothitemsareavailable.Althoughtherearenoconclusiveanswersyet,thewayinwhichasocietyviewsitsenvironmentissometimesapparentinitschoiceanduseofartisticmaterials.Theuseofcertainmetals,forexample,maybereservedforceremonialobjectsofspecialimportance.Orthebeliefinthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreemaycauseasculptortobesensitivetothatmaterial.
Whatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologististherealizationthatalthoughmaterialsavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextentlimitorinfluencewhatitcandoartistically,thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisdone.WhydotheartistsinJapanesesocietyrakesandintopatterns;andtheartistsinRomansocietymeltsandtoformglassMoreover,evenwhenthesamematerialisusedinthesamewaybymembersofdifferentsocieties,theformorstyleoftheworkvariesenormouslyfromculturetoculture.Asocietymaysimplychoosetorepresentobjectsorphenomenathatareimportanttoitspopulation.AnexaminationoftheartoftheMiddleAgestellsussomethingaboutthemedievalpreoccupationwiththeologicaldoctrine.Inadditiontorevealingtheprimaryconcernsofasociety,thecontentofthatsociety'sartmayalsoreflecttheculture'ssocialstratification.
1.Accordingtothepassage,gold,copper,andsilverare
(A)moredifficulttohandlethanwoodand
(B)oftheirstablesocialconditions
(C)oftheuniquestylisticfeaturesoftheirart
(D)availableonlyinspecificlocations
2.Theword"conclusive"inline7isclosestinmeaningto
(A)definitive
(B)controversial
(C)concurrent
(D)realistic
3.Theword"apparent"inline8isclosestinmeaningto
(A)attractive
(B)logical
(C)evident
(D)distinct
4.Whydoestheauthormentionthe"supernaturalpowersofastoneortree"inline10
(A)toshowthatsomesculptorsavoidworkingwithspecificmaterials
(B)toemphasizetheunusualpropertiesofcertainmaterials
(C)asanexampleofhowartcanbeinfluencedbyculturalbeliefs
(D)asanillustrationoftheimpactoftheenvironmentonreligiousbeliefs
5.Theword"it"inline13refersto
(A)realization
(B)society
(C)extent
(D)influence
6.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthormentionstheJapaneseandRomansocietiesbecause
(A)theyinfluencedeachotherstone
(B)commonlyusedbyartistsinallsocieties
(C)essentialtocreateceremonialobjects
(D)theyusedthesameartisticmaterialinverydifferentways
7.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaboutsandaretrueEXCEPT
(A)Itisusedtocreateglass.
(B)Romanartistsmixitintotheirpaints.
(C)Itsusevariesfromculturetoculture.
(D)Japaneseartistsuseittocreateartisticpatterns.
8.Theword"Moreover"inline16isclosestinmeaningto
(A)similarly
(B)inaddition
(C)incontrast
(D)frequently
9.Theword"preoccupation"inline20isclosestinmeaningto
(A)involvement
(B)separation
(C)relationship
(D)argument
10.Theword"primary"inline21isclosestinmeaningto
(A)discrete
(B)preliminary
(C)ideal
(D)fundamental
PASSAGE6
Potash(theoldnameforpotassiumcarbonate)isoneofthetwoalkalis(theotherbeingsoda,sodiumcarbonate)thatwereusedfromremoteantiquityinthemakingofglass,andfromtheearly
MiddleAgesinthemakingofsoap:
theformerbeingtheproductofheatingamixtureofalkaliandsand,thelatteraproductofalkaliandvegetableoil.Theirimportanceinthecommunitiesof
colonialNorthAmericaneedhardlybestressed.Potashandsodaarenotinterchangeableforallpurposes,butforglass-orsoap-makingeitherwoulddo.SodawasobtainedlargelyfromtheashesofcertainMediterraneanseaplants,potashfromthoseofinlandvegetation.HencepotashwasmorefamiliartotheearlyEuropeansettlersof
theNorthAmericancontinent.
ThesettlementatJamestowninVirginiawasinmanywaysamicrocosmoftheeconomyofcolonialNorthAmerica,andpotashwasoneofitsfirstconcerns.Itwasrequiredfortheglassworks,thefirstfactoryintheBritishcolonies,andwasproducedinsufficientquantitytopermittheinclusionofpotashinthefirstcargoshippedoutofJamestown.Thesecondshipto
arriveinthesettlementfromEnglandincludedamongitspassengersexpertsinpotashmaking.
Themethodofmakingpotashwassimpleenough.Logswaspiledupandburnedintheopen,andtheashescollected.Theasheswereplacedinabarrelwithholesinthebottom,andwaterwas
pouredoverthem.Thesolutiondrainingfromthebarrelwasboileddowninironkettles.Theresultingmasswasfurtherheatedtofusethemassintowhatwascalledpotash.
InNorthAmerica,potashmakingquicklybecameanadjuncttotheclearingoflandforagriculture,foritwasestimatedthatasmuchashalfthecostofclearinglandcouldberecovered
bythesaleofpotash.SomepotashwasexportedfromMaineandNewHampshireintheseventeenthcentury,butthemarketturnedouttobemainlydomestic,consistingmostlyof
shipmentsfromthenortherntothesoutherncolonies.FordespitethebeginningofthetradeatJamestownandsuchencouragementsasaseriesofacts"toencouragethemakingofpotash,"
beginningin1707inSouthCarolina,thesoftwoodsintheSouthprovedtobepoorsourcesofthesubstance.
1.Whataspectofpotashdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
(A)Howitwasmade
(B)Itsvalueasaproductforexport
(C)Howitdiffersfromotheralkalis
(D)ItsimportanceincolonialNorthAmerica
2.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofbothpotashandsodaEXPECT:
(A)Theyarealkalis.
(B)Theyaremadefromseaplants.
(C)Theyareusedinmakingsoap.
(D)Theyareusedinmakingglass.
3.Theyphrase"thelatter"inline4refersto
(A)alkali
(B)glass
(C)sand
(D)soap
4.Theword"stressed"inline6isclosestinmeaningto
(A)defined
(B)emphasized
(C)adjusted
(D)mentioned
5.Theword"interchangeable"inline7isclosestinmeaningto
(A)convenient
(B)identifiable
(C)equivalent
(D)advantageous
6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpotashwasmorecommonthansodaincolonialNorth
Americabecause
(A)thematerialsneededformakingsodawerenotreadilyavailable
(B)makingpotashrequiredlesstimethanmakingsoda
(C)potashwasbetterthansodaformakingglassandsoap
(D)thecolonialglassworksfoundsodamoredifficulttouse
7.Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingwereneededformakingpotashEXCEPT
(A)wood
(B)fire
(C)sand
(D)water
8.Theword"adjunct"inline22isclosestinmeaningto
(A)addition
(B)answer
(C)problem
(D)possibility
9.Accordingtothepassage,amajorbenefitofmakingpotashwasthat
(A)itcouldbeexportedtoEuropeinexchangeforothergoods
(B)ithelpedfinancethecreationoffarms
(C)itcouldbemadewithavarietyofmaterials
(D)stimulatedthedevelopmentofnewwaysofglassmaking
10.Accordingtoparagraph5,thesoftwoodsintheSouthposedwhichofthefollowingproblems
forsouthernsettles
(A)Thesoftwoodswerenotveryplentiful.
(B)Thesoftwoodscouldnotbeusedtobuildhouses.
(C)Thesoftwoodswerenotverymarketable.
(D)Thesoftwoodswerenotveryusefulformakingpotash.
答案:
PASSAGE5DACCBDBBAD
PASSAGE6DBDBCACABD
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