自考外语教学法第一章课后答案.docx
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自考外语教学法第一章课后答案.docx
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自考外语教学法第一章课后答案
第一章
1-WhatarethefunctionandresultofthetwocontroversiesinancientGreece?
古希腊两个著名论争的功能和结果?
Onecontroversywasbetweenthenaturalistsandtheconventionalists.Thenaturalistsarguedthattheformofwordsreflectedthenatureofobjects.Theconventionaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasconventionalandtherewasnologicconnectionbetweenformandmeaningofwords.Theothercontroversywasbetweentheanalogiataandtheanomalistsontheregularitiesoflanguage.Theanalogistsclaimedlanguagewasregularandtherewererulesforpeopletofollow.Theanomalistsmaintainedtherewerenorules.Theirdebaterousedpeople’sinterestinlanguageandledthemtothedetailedstudyofGreek.ThedirectresultwastheappearanceofabookofGreekgrammar.
2Whatarethemainfeaturesoftraditionallinguistics?
传统语言学的主要特征
TraditionalLinguisticswaspracticalinnature.Peoplemadeastudyoflanguageinordertoreadclassicworks.Traditionallinguistsbelievedthatthewrittenformoflanguagewassuperiortospokenform.Theytriedtosetupprinciplesandstandardsforpeopletouselanguagecorrectly.
3-WhatarethecontributionsmadebyFranzBoas,EdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfieldtothedevelopmentofAmericanstructuralism?
FranzBoas,EdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfield对美国结构主义发展的贡献
FranzBoasandEdwardSapirwereforerunnersofAmericanstructuralism.BoasstudiedtheAmericanIndians’languagesandfoundthatthetraditionalgrammaticalmodelcouldnotbeusedtoanalysethestructureofthoselanguages.Hehadtodescribethoselanguageastheywereused.ThisstartedAmericanstructuralism.LeonardBloomfieldacceptedthetheoriesandprinciplesofFranzBoas.Hearguedthatlinguistsshoulddescribeinsteadofprescribingwhatpeoplesayandshouldtakeaninductiveapproachinanalyzingdata.In1933,hepublishedthebookLanguage.ItsoonbecamethebibleofAmericanstructuralism.
4-WhatistheinfluenceofbehaviorismoverAmericanstructuralism?
行为主义对美国结构主义的影响
In1933,theAmericanpsychologistJohnWatsonpublishedanarticleentitledPsychologyasBehavioristViewsIt.Thiswastheformalintroductionbehaviorism.Watsonbelievedwehadnodirectwaytoobservetheanimal’smind.Wecouldonlyobservetheanimal’sbehaviorandtheexternalenvironmentalconditions.Behavioristsstudiedtherelationbetweenstimuliandresponses.Theydividedlearningprocessintotwokinds.Onekindisnowcalledclassicconditioning.Theotheriscalledoperantconditioning.Behaviorismhelpedthedevelopmentofstructuralism.
5--WhatisChomsky’sexplanationofthefirstlanguageacquisitionprocess?
乔姆斯基对母语获得的解释
Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).ThisLADismadeupofasetofgeneralprinciplescalleduniversalgrammar.Whenthechildisborn,theparticularlanguageenvironmentwilltriggertheLAD.Children’slanguageacquisitionprocesscompleteswhentheuniversalgrammarissuccessfullytransformedintothegrammarofaparticularlanguage.
6-Whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticcompetenceandlinguisticperformance?
语言能力和语言应用的不同
Linguisticcompetencereferstotheinternalizedknowledgeofthelanguagethatanativespeakerofthatlanguagepossesses.Linguisticperformancereferstotheacturalutteranceproducedbythenativespeakers.
7-Howdoestransformationalgenerativelinguisticsdifferinresearchmethods?
在研究方法上转换生成语言学有什么不同?
Transformationalgenerativelinguisticsopposesthestructuralistmethodoftakinglinguisticperformanceasthegoal.Italsoattackstheinductiveapproach.Itbelievesthatlinguisticsshouldstudythelinguisticcompetence,nottheperformance,ofthenativespeakerandtrytosetupasystemofrulesthatwillgenerateaninfinitenumberofgrammaticalsentences.
8--Whatisthemainfeatureoffunctionallinguistics?
功能语言学的特征
Functionallinguistics,foundedbyMalinowskianddevelopedbyFirth,believes“themeaningofanysinglewordistoahighdegreedependentonitscontext”Itintroducedthephrase“contextofsituation”.Thetheoryisbasedonthenotionoffunctionincontext.Itspointofviewisthatlinguisticeventsshouldbeaccountedforatthreeprimarylevels:
substance,formandcontext.Thetheoryalsodividesaparticularsituationtypeintothreedimensions.
9--WhatisthebasictheoryofGestaltpsychology?
格式塔心理学的主要理论
Gestaltpsychologyappearedinthe1920s.Itsresearchwasfocusedontheareaofperception,aimingattheexplorationoftherelationshipbetweenpartsandwholeinpeople’sperceptionalexperience.Itclaimedthatpeoplereceivedobjectsandscenesasorganizedwholesbeforetheynoticedtheircomponentparts.ThewordGestaltmeans“organizedshape”or“wholeform”inEnglish.
10--Whatisthebasictheoryofpsychoanalysis?
心里分析的主要理论
ThebasictheoryofpsychoanalysisisputforwardbyFreud.Thetheorydividedthemindintoconsciousandunconsciousmind.Theconsciousmindisonlyaverysmallpartofthewholemindwhiletherestremainsunconscious.Psychoanalysisaimstoanalysetheirrationalbehavorofpatients.
11--Whataretheprinciplesofbehaviorism?
行为主义的原则
Theprinciplesofbehaviorismareasfollow:
Psychologistsshouldstudywhatcouldbeobservedpubliclyandobjectivelyinsteadofconsideringanimal’smentaleventsbecausethesethingscouldnotbeseen.Behaviorismbelievesthatthestudyshouldbefocusedonlearningandtherelationbetweenstimuliandresponses.
12--Whatisthedifferencebetweenclassicalconditioningandoperantconditioning?
经典性和操作性条件反射的区别
Classicalconditioningmeansthestimulusthatdoesnotelicitaresponsecomestoelicitaresponseafteritispairedseveraltimeswithastimulusthatalreadyelicitedaresponse.Operantconditioningmeanstheoccurrenceofaresponsewillbedeterminedbytheconsequenceoftheresponse.
13--Whatarethethreefactorsthathavehelpedtosetupthecognitivepsychology?
认知心理学发展的三个前提条件
Thethreefactorsarethedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,JeanPiaget’sresearchworkonthereasoningabilitiesofchildren,andtheworkoftheAmericanlinguistChomsky.
14--Howdoesthecognitivepsychologyexplaintheacquisitionofknowledge?
认知心理学如何解释知识获得
Thetermcognitivemeansknowledgeandcognitivepsychologycanbedefinedasthestudyofpeople’sabilitytoacquire,organize,rememberanduseknowledgetoguidetheirbehaviour.Asfortheacquisitionofknowledge,cognitivepsychologybelievesthattherearetwoprincipaltypesofcognitivestructureswhicharecalledschemasandconcepts.Theschemasrefertosetsofrulesthatdefinecategoriesofbehaviourandconceptsarerulesthatdescribepropertiesofeventsandtheirrelationswithoneanother.Childrenacquireschemasandconceptsbyinteractingwiththeirenvironmentwiththehelpoftwoprocesses—assimilationandaccommodation.
15--Howdoesthehabit-formationtheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?
习惯养成论如何解释二语获得过程
Habit-formationtheorywasputforwardbyagroupofbehaviorists.Accordingtotheirtheory,learningasecondlanguagemeanstheformationofanewsetoflinguistichabits.Imitationandpracticeplaynimportantroleintheprocessofhabit-formation.Imitationwillhelplearnersidentifytheassociationbetweenstimuliandresponseswhilepracticewillreinforcetheassociationandhelplearnerstoformthenewlinguistichabit.
16--howdoesthehypothesisoflinguisticuniversalsexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?
语言共性说
Thehypothesissaysthereexistcertainlinguisticpropertieswhicharetruetoallnaturallanguagesintocoregrammarandperipheralgrammar.Humanbeingsarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).Thesecondlanguagelearnersusuallyacquirethecoregrammarofthetargetlanguageandthentheperipheralgrammar.Thecoregrammarofthelearner’smothertonguewillhelpthelearnerstolearnthetargetlanguage.
17--Howdoestheacculturationtheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisition?
文化传递说Acculturationmeansindividualsofoneculturehavetogothroughtheprocessofmodificationinattitudes,knowledgeandbehaviorinordertodowellinanotherculture.Itbelievesthatsecondlanguageacquisitionisjustoneaspectofacculturationandthedegreeofacculturationwillcontrolthedegreeofsecondlanguageacquisition.
18--Howdoesthediscoursetheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?
话语情境说Thediscoursetheoryarguesthatthereislittledifferencebetweenthefirstlanguageacquisitionprocessandtheprocessofthesecondlanguageacquisition–onlythroughcommunicationdiscoursecanthelearneracquirethesecondlanguage.
19---Whatarethefivehypothesisofthemonitortheory?
Theyaretheacquisition–learninghypothesis,themonitorhypothesis,thenaturalorderhypothesis,theinputhypothesis,andtheaffectivefilterhypothesis.
20--Howdoesthecognitivetheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?
Thecognitivetheoryclaimsthatsecondlanguagelearningshouldberegardedastheacquisitionofacomplexcognitiveskill.Theprocessofsecondlanguageacquisitionisaprocessinwhichtheinternalrepresentations内在心理表现arebeingrestructuredconstantly.Theacquisitioninvolvestwoprocess-automaticity自动处理andrestructuring.重新调整Languagelearningatthebeginningstageinvolvesnoneoftheprocessofrestructuring.
21-WhataretheprinciplesandconsequencesoftheReformMovement?
TheprinciplesoftheReformMovementweretheprimacyofspeech口语首要地位,thecentralityoftheconnectedtextasthekernelofthelanguageteachingprocess,把课文放在教学过程的核心地位andtheabsolutepriorityofanoralmethodintheclassroom.口语教学在课堂教学中占主导地位Theconsequencesweregreat.Manypeopletookpartinthereformandmovem
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