英美文学重点作者汇总.docx
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英美文学重点作者汇总.docx
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英美文学重点作者汇总
一、早期和中世纪的英国文学
◆GeoffreyChaucerii
1.简介:
GeoffreyChauceristhefounderofEnglishpoetryandaforerunnerofhumanism.HewasregardedasthefounderofEnglishrealism.代表作:
TroilusandCriseyde《特洛伊斯洛与克瑞西达》(改变于意大利);TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》(包括:
“ThePrologue”《总序》;“TheWifeofBath”《巴斯妇人》)。
●TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》的影响:
①Itshowsatrue-to-lifepictureofChaucer’stime.(之所以说乔叟是Thefounderofrealism,是因为早期英国文学歌颂英雄(Anglo-Saxonpoetry),中期英国文学歌颂骑士精神(TheRomance),之后虽然有了pierstheplowman,也不曾直接写社会不公,直到乔叟真实描写中世纪及各层人民。
)②Takingfromthestandofrisingbourgeoisie,ChauceraffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbytheChurch.③Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime,attackdegenerationofthenoble,thecorruptionoftheChurch.
2.语言特色/贡献:
①HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.②HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytheHeroiccouplettoEnglishpoetry.③Heisgoodattheterzarima,whichmakeshislanguageahighstyle.
二、英国文艺复兴
◆ThomasMoreii
1.简介:
ThomasMoreisanEnglishhumanismchurchman.代表作:
Utopia《乌托邦》。
2.评价:
①Moredaredtofightagainstthefeudalismrulerandhewasahumanist.②But,hewasnorevolutionaryinthesenseofwishingtoarousethepeopleortostartanyrevolutionarymovement.③Thesystemofbondsmensuggestedtosolvetheproblemofsocialproductivitystillremainsthefeaturesofclassexploitation.④Hecouldneverfindthemeansbywhichsocialismcouldberealized.
◆FrancisBacon
3.简介:
HeisthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy,thefirstEnglishessayistandthefounderofEnglishModernScience.Heistheonewhointroducedessay,theliteraryform,toEngland.代表作:
AdvancementofLearning《学问的演进》;NewInstrument《新工具》;TheEssays《随笔》(58篇)“OfStudies”《论学习》;“OfBeauty”《论美》;“OfWisdomforaMan’sSelf”《论自私》。
●“OfStudies”《论学习》:
Itsmessageisconveyedwithsweepingeffectandoverwhelmingpower,whichlieintheunityofthemessageandtheconsistenceofforcefulargumentations.内容:
Thetextfocusesononecontrollingidea——“studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.”
●“OfBeauty”《论美》:
Unlikemanyofhiscontemporaries,Baconmakesfulluseofsomeageravocabularytoexplicatehisgreattheme:
thecriterionofbeauty.Hemakesaconclusionthatonlythebeautyofvirtuecan“shine”eternally,beyondtimeandspace.
4.主题/技法:
Bacon’sessaywritingisclassifiedintoClassicEssay.Theclassicessayisascomprehensiveinsubjectmattersandstylesasinallclassicliterature.Insubjects,theclassicessaydealswithavarietyofthemes:
philosophy,literarycriticism,arts,politics,history,socialproblems,travelsandotheraspectsoflife.Instyle,Baconisweightandhighlysententious.Manyofhissentenceshavebecomewiseoldsayings.
◆EdmundSpenser
5.简介:
EdmundSpenserwasrecognizedasthe“Poet’spoet”.代表作:
TheShepherd’sCalendar《牧羊人日历》;Epithalamion《结婚曲》;Amoritti《爱情小唱》;TheFaerieQueene《仙后》。
●TheSpenserianStanza:
Itreferstoanine-line-stanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:
ababbcbcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterwhichiscalledanalexandrine.
●TheFaerieQueene《仙后》:
①Alongpoemplannedin12books,ofwhichhefinishedonlysix.②ItissetinthemythicalworldofKingArthurandhisknights.③theme:
Nationalism,HumanismandPuritanism.
6.地位:
①ThepublicationofTheShepherd’sCalendarmarkedthebuddingoftheRenaissanceflowerinthenorthernislandofEngland(Ireland).②ThelanguagehadchangedintoModernEnglishdistinguishedfromtheMiddleEnglishofChaucer’sday.Spenseristhefirstmastertomakethatlanguagethenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions.③HeinventedtheSpenserianstanza,whichbecameapopularverseforminthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishpoetry.
◆ChristopherMarloweii
7.简介:
ChristopherMarlowewasthemostpreeminentfigureamongthe“universitywits”,aswellasthegreatestplaywrightbeforetheriseofShakespeare.代表作:
Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(对权力的贪婪);TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》(对金钱的贪欲);DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》。
●DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》:
Theplaydealswiththemesincludingsin,redemption,anddamnation.ThechieffeatureofFaustus’scharacterisaninsatiablethirstforknowledge.ThetragedyofDoctorFaustusischaracteristicofahumanistintheageofRenaissance.
8.社会意义:
①Marlowe’splaysshowthespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie.Theheroesofhisplaysaretypicalimagesoftheeraoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital.②ThethemeofMarlowe’splaysisthepraiseofindividualityfreedfromtherestraintsofmedievaldogmasandlaw.③However,theheroesinMarlowe’splaysaremerelyindividualists.Theirindividualisticambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandsometimestothemselves.
9.文学成就:
①MarlowewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.HereformedtheEnglishdramaandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.②HefirstmadeblankversetheprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama.③Althoughhisplayslackofvarietyincharacterizationandconstruction,hewasfamousforhis“mightyline”.
◆WilliamShakespeare
10.简介:
Shakespeareisthemostremarkableplaywrightandpoetallovertheworld.戏剧分期:
①1590-1594初期,实验各种戏剧类型。
早期人物塑造不够丰满,历史精确性不够,以诗剧为主要形式却无法摆脱押韵诗的死板僵硬。
HenryVI《亨利六世》;RichardIII《理查德三世》;TheComedyofErrors《错中错》;TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》;Love’sLabour’sLost《爱的徒劳》;RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。
②1595-1600成熟期,史剧、十四行诗都很成熟。
总体上积极向上但已有了些许苦痛,人物成熟饱满,史料丰富,采用马洛的无韵诗写法。
RichardII《理查德二世》;HenryIV《亨利四世》;HenryV《亨利五世》;TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘们》;JuliusCaesar《朱利尤斯·凯撒》;伟大喜剧“GreatComedies”——AMidsummerNight’sDream《仲夏夜之梦》,TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》;AsYouLikeit《皆大欢喜》;TwelfthNight《第十二夜》。
③1601-1607伟大悲剧时期,由于社会剧变,作品悲观。
All’sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》;MeasureforMeasure《一报还一报》;AntonyandCleopatra《安东尼和克里奥佩特拉》;伟大悲剧“GreatTragedies”——Hamlet《哈姆莱特》;Othello《奥赛罗》;KingLear《李尔王》;Macbeth《麦克白》。
④传奇剧时代。
Cymbeline《辛白林》;TheWinter’sTale《冬天的童话》;TheTempest《暴风雨》;HenryVIII《亨利八世》。
⑤诗歌:
VenusandAdonis《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》;TheRapeofLucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》;Sonnets《十四行诗集》。
◆BenJonson
11.简介:
BenJonsonwasoneoftheleadingdramatistsoftheRenaissanceperiod.代表作:
EveryManinHisHumour《个性互异》;Volpone,ortheFox《福尔蓬奈》(或《狐狸》);TheAlchemist《炼金术士》;BartholomewFair《巴梭罗缪市集》。
12.作品特点:
①Jonson’scomediesare“comediesofhumours”.Hisportrayalofcharactersisone-sided,flat,andlackingdevelopmentinsteadofbeingroundandflexible.②Jonsontookafirmstandforthe“threeunities”(time,placeandaction)andstronglydisapprovedofamixtureofseriousandcomicepisodesinaplay.③Headvocatesatruthfulandrealisticdescriptionoflifeandpeople.HewasaforerunnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.
三、英国资产阶级革命时期
◆JohnMilton
1.简介:
JohnMiltonisthethirdgreatestEnglishpoetafterChaucerandShakespeare.早期写诗歌,中期写宣传册,晚期写史诗。
代表作:
“Lycidas”《利西达斯》(悼亡诗);“OnhisDeceasedWife”《致亡妻》;Areopagirica《论出版自由》;DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民辩护》(查理二世雇人写文章讨伐英国人民,因为当年他们支持处死查理一世,米尔顿写此文为英国人民辩护。
);ParadiseLost《失乐园》;ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》。
●ParadiseLost《失乐园》:
概况:
Paradiselost,consistingof12books,naturallydividesintothreeequalpartsoffourbookseach.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheOldTestamentandwritteninblankverse.InthisworkMiltontriedtoanswertheoldquestionchallengingallChristians,namely:
ifGodisall-goodandall-powerful,whyistheresomuchsufferingandevilinthisworld?
主题:
Therearethreestrikingaspectsofhisintentioncanbefeltinthisepic:
hisfaithinGod,hisinclinationforclassicism,andhisyearningforreformationandfreedom.人物:
①Satan,thoughdefeated,stillsoughtrevenge,isthemoststrikingcharacterinthepoem.Thoughfeeblerinforce,heremainssuperiorinnobility,sinceheprefersindependencetohappyservility.SatanisthespiritofquestioningtheauthorityofGod.②InthepoemGodisnobetterthanaselfishdespot,seateduponathronewithachorusofangelsabouthimeternallysinginghispraises.However,wecannevertakeitforgrantedthatMiltonisattackingGod.TheGodMiltoncursedwas,infact,nottheChristianProvidencebutameresymbolforanythinghebelievedtobebadorimmoral.③AdamandEveembodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman.
2.贡献/技法:
①Miltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.②HewrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HeandShakespearehavealwaysbeenregardedastwopatternsofEnglishverse.③Heisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.④Heisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstyle.(a).Hisstyleischaracterizedwiththeepicelementsinit.(b).Healwaysinversethewordorder.(c).Hiswritingiscircumlocution(累赘的陈述).(d).Hisuseofimmenselylongsentencesandtheepanalepsis(语句间隔反复)⑤Hehasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.
四、十八世纪英国文学(思想启蒙时期)
◆AlexanderPope
1.简介:
AlexanderPopewasknownasrepresentativeoftheEnlightenment.HeisoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismintoEngland.Hebelievedinthenecessityofuniversaleducation,especiallythatofsocialmorality,classiccultureandscientificknowledge.Healsoassumedtheroleofchampionoftraditionalcivilization.(为什么说他是启蒙运动的代表)。
代表作:
EssayonCriticism《论批评》(用英雄双韵体作);TheRapeoftheLock《卷发遇劫记》;TheDunciad《群愚史记》;EssayonMan《人论》(启蒙主义重要的作品)。
2.成就/局限性:
①PopewasanoutstandingenlightenerandthegreatestEnglishpoetoftheclassicalschoolinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.Heusuallywritesintheformofheroiccouplets.②Hisstyleisdirectandcompact.③Hewasathisbestinsatireandepigram.Almostallhisworksaresatires.Heisgoodatsayingbrilliantandtruethingsinasparklingway.Buthelackedthelyricalgift.
◆DanielDefoe(赏析)
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