名词.docx
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名词.docx
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名词
名词(Nouns)
一.分类
可数不可数
普通名词集体专有名词物质抽象
有单复数群体不加s,可转换为可数名词
abook表示群体个人概念Mr.Smithironyouth
booksstaffaMr.Smithanironayouth
thebook(s)Thecommitteeis…
thisbook(指委员会)
thesebooks…are…(指成员)
mybooksaflockofsheepare(一群羊)
mynewbook(s)aflockis(一个羊群)
二.性(gender)
1.大多数英语名词没有性的区别,只有一个共同的形式。
artistdoctorconfessorreaderbuyer
2.有些名词具有性别的不同形式(男、女、雌、雄、公、母、狼、女、骒马、叫驴、儿马)例如:
man—women
bridegroom—bride
uncle—aunt
horse—mare
dog—bitch
bull—cow
bachelor—spinster
lover—mistress
widower—widow
lord—lady
fiancé—fiancée
friar—nun
cowboy—cowgirl
butler—housekeeper
footman—maid
lad—lass
king—queen
wizard—witch
3.为了表示名词的性/阴阳性,通常在词尾加-ess。
-ter,-tor→tress
-rer,-ror→ress
例如:
actor—actress
manager—manageress
emperor—empress
host—hostess
waiter—waitress
god—goddess
prince—princess
steward—stewardess
4.名词前加she,he等可表示性别。
boyfriend—girlfriend
he-wolf—she-wolf
peacock—peahen
male-reader—female-reader
5.man(不一定非指男人,指人类)←→woman
womb子宫+man=woman
humanbeings×
humanity×
humane
dehumanize
mankind(womankind女流之辈)
manage×
history×
Spellingproblem:
awordinaword:
teach→cheat,live→evil,vote→vetoclass→lass→ass
汉语也有拼写问题:
八→人→入,太→犬,天→夭,由→甲,曰→日,冷→泠,冼→洗,冶→治
三.数
1.规则类(省略)
waters
woods
aniron
works
2.不规则类要死记
A.ox类(变元音)
ox—oxenmouse—mice
louse—lice
foot—feetgoose—geesechild—children
man—menwoman—women(German→Germans,human→humans)
tooth—teeth
dormouse—dormice,alderman—aldermen地方官员
policeman—policemen,policewoman—policewomen
B.deer类(单复数同形)
deer,sheep,aircraft,bellows,
2crossroads,
swine,trout,salmon,kennels,species,précis
3brace(对)ofbirds
2head(头)ofcattle,
2yokeofcattle
abusycrossroads,
3busycrossroads
aninnings/fiveinnings局(棒球)
C.crisis类外来
crisis—crises
analysis—analyses
axis—axes
radius—radii[ai]半径
cacatus—cacati仙人掌
alumnus—alumni校友
syllabus—syllabi大纲
fungus—fungi
datum—data
corrigendum—corrigenda
curriculum—curricula
gymnasium—gymnasia
larva—larvae幼虫
ruga—rugae皱纹
criterion—criteria
phenomenon—phenomena
3.只有单数形式的名词
A.有生命的集体名词(不加-s)
committee,audience,family,jury,livestock,vermin害虫,school,shoal,litter,flock,herd,head,brace
B.无生命集体名词
machinery,weaponry,poetry,cutlery,刀具millinery,stationery,hosiery针织品,footwear鞋类,
underwear,
glassware,
earthen-ware,
hardware,
furniture,equipment
C.抽象名词
bravery,love,happiness,friendship
注意:
表学科和病名的名词+s,不能用many修饰,动词用单数
economics,statistics,physics,genetics,mumps,diabetes,pediatrics,arthritis……
4.只有复数形式的名词
A.成对出现(动词用复数)
pants,scissors,pliers,shorts,goggles
B.-ing的名词(表示量)
savings,shoppings,findings,belongings,washings,droppings
C.overalls常以复数形式出现的名词(并非都用动词复数)
theNetherlands,thePhilippines,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations,news,movies,arms,forces,fireworks
5.复数形式具有特殊含义的名词
brain—brains能力color—colors军旗
look—looks容貌corn—corns鸡眼
air—airs架子good—goods货物
fur—furs皮衣custom—customs关税
paper—papers文件future—futures期货
security—securities债券manner—manners行为
concern—concerns商号overhead—overheads杂费
pile—piles痔疮brief—briefs内裤
short—shortscard—cards扑克牌
6.复合名词(表达一个概念)
A.名词+名词
blood-type,eye-drops,birthdaypartyeye-witness,braintrust,bookreview
B.动+副
lookout,blowup,setup,breakdown,takeoff,break-through,checkup,makeup,breakup,cutoff,runaway
C.副+动
output,income,overthrow,outbreak,outcome,upkeep,outlook,upset,overlook,intake(take-in)
D.动名词+副词
bringing-up,goings-on,comings-in
E.副词+动名词
on-looking,ingoing,upbringing,on-goings事件
F.动名词+名词(名+动名词)
sleepingpills,walking-stick,bathing-suit,waiting-room,sightseeing,horse-riding
G.其它:
left-over,grown-ups,good-for-nothing,stay-at-homes
※复合词的陷阱:
连写分开
’redcoat士兵’red’coat
’blackbird知更鸟’black’bird
’greenhouse温室’green’house
’nobleman贵族’noble’man高尚人
7.名词前单位量词的使用问题
A.表示事物,个体事物或抽象事物。
abladeofgrassapieceofcake
asliceofmelonagrainofsand
arowofseatsacakeofsoap
agustofwindanearofcorn/wheat
atrainofthought思路
B.表示人类群体(队、群、列、批、组、帮、窝、股)
acrewofsailors,apartyofguests,ahordeofpeople
aseaoffaces,anarmyofthieves,agangofbandits
(aschoolofthoughts流派)
C.表示动物类群体
apackofwolvesaschoolofwhales
ahordeoffliesaprideoflions
aswarmofbeesaherdofcattle
aflockofbirdsabroodofbirds
alitterofpuppiesadenoffoxes
D.表示行为状态
afitofcoughinganattackoffever
aburstofapplauseawhiffoffreshair
aspellofcoldwindaglimmerofhope
8.修饰名词的前置短语
A.修饰不可数或抽象名词
alittleof,alargeamountof,abitof,atraceofjealousy
astreak/senseofhumor,ashadeofdifference
agreatmeasureofcourage
B.修饰可数及不可数名词
alotof,lotsof,plentyof,avarietyof
anabundanceof,aworldof无数,许多awealthof大量
C.只能修饰复数名词
alargenumberofagreatmany(manya)
greatnumbersofagoodmany
amajorityofdozensof,scoresof
D.thewholeof单数、可数、不可数、专有名词、集体名词均可
thewholeofthestory
thewholeofhersavings
thewholeofhisfamily
thewholeofChina全中国
thewholeofattention
E.partof单数、可数、不可数、专有名词
partofthetime
partofEngland
partofmysalary
F.alittleof不可数this,that,it/everything
alittleofwhisky,alitterofthat
knowalittleofeverything
G.agreat/gooddealof不可数
agreatdealofenergy/concern/joy/encouragement
四.所有格问题:
无生命用of,有生命用’s,但时间名词用’s。
A.习语
astone’sthrow一石之遥
atwit’send殚精竭虑智穷计尽
toone’sheart’scontent尽情地
outofworm’sway免受损害
inone’smind’seye在心目中
byahair’sbreadth千钧一发
abird’seyeview鸟瞰
atdeath’sdoor危在旦夕
atasnail’space慢
atsward’spoints剑拔弩张
atone’sfinger’send
forGod’s/art’ssake
B.双重所有格问题
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、疑问代词、或指示代词,其后定语要用双重所有格形式,of后只能接指人的名词。
Sheisafriendofmine.
Thatisanothermistakeofyours.
It’snobusinessofhers.
WhichnovelofMarkTwain’sdidtheinstructoralsoaskustoread?
Thatlectureofthenewteacher’s/Mr.Ford’swasratherdull.
C.f.aportraitofhermother母亲画像
aportraitofhermother’s母亲拥有画像之一
hermother’sportrait母亲收藏的画像(画的是母亲)
Heisafriendofmybrother’s.(oneof)
Heisafriendofmybrother.(friendly)
Heismybrother’sfriend.(所提,唯一)
五.名词的特殊结构
A.all+抽象名词:
强势结构
very+形容词=fullof
Jackisallenergy.(veryenergetic=fullofenergy)
Jackisallkindness.
Jackisallanxiety.
Jackisallpoliteness.
Jackisallattention.
Jackisallheart.
Jackisallconfusion.
Jackisallgratitude.
Jackisalllife.
B.all+单数可数名词:
具有特点
Jackisallboy.孩子气
Janeisallwoman.女人味足
Heisallfarmer.地道农民
C.all+复数名词:
强调
allears,alleyes,allsmiles满面春风,alltears流泪
allnerves紧张,allwrinkles皱纹,allthumbs笨手笨脚,
allskinandbones骨瘦如柴,
alllegs瘦高个
D.抽象名词+itself:
强调=(very+形容词)
Sheistidinessitself.
=Sheisverytidy.
Sheiscourageitself.
Sheisbeautyitself.绝代佳人
Sheishonestyitself.
Sheispolitenessitself.
It’ssimplicityitself.极为简单
Themaniscrueltyitself.这人太残酷了。
E.of+名词结构:
强调
TheBibleisthebookofbooks.经典之书
Confuciusistheteacherofteachers.万师之长
RobertFrostisthepoetofpoets.(诗圣之美称)
Shehasthefreshestofsmiles(清纯一笑)
F.what+名词=whatlittle+名词
把所有都……,虽然少,但全都……
Hedenotedwhatmoneyhehadtotheschool.倾其所有
Hedenotedwhatlittlemoneyhehadtotheschool.
钱虽少,但也尽了微薄之力。
G.形容词和名词做定语之区别
abeautyshop,abeautifulshop
adirtyroad,adirtroad
peacetalks,peacefultalks
asuccessstory,asuccessfulstory
astoneroad,astonyroad
afunperson,afunnyperson
Chinaambassador,Chineseambassador
aluckbird,aluckybird
asuccessstory,asuccessfulstory
健康食品
Healthfoods
Healthyfoods
六、失去本意的名词
Americanbeauty是“蔷薇”,而不是“美国美人”。
Americancloth做台布用的彩色防水布
Americanplan旅馆之供膳制
Britishwarm英国军官穿的双排钮扣的短大衣
Chinaaster翠菊
Chinaberry株树
Chinagrass是“苎麻”,而不是“中国草”
Chinaink墨汁
Chinaorange橙子
Chinaplate好友
Chinarose月季
Chinastone做瓷器的矿物;瓷石
Chinaberry是“楝树”,而不是“中国莓”。
Chinesecalendar农历
Chinesecopy与原物一模一样的复制品
Chinesedragon腆磷
Chineselantern灯笼
Chinesepuzzle难答之事,难解之谜
Chinesered朱红色,橘红色
ChineseWall长城
Chinesewatermelon冬瓜
Chinesewisteria紫藤
Chinesewoodoil桐油
Dutchact是“自杀”,而不是“荷兰人的行动”。
Dutchcomfort退一步着想而得到的安慰
Dutchcourage酒后之勇,一时的虚勇
Dutchdoor是“杂志中的散页广告”,而不是“荷兰门”。
Dutchtreat各人自己付钱的聚餐或娱乐
Dutchuncle是“唠唠叨叮的人”,而不是“荷兰大叔”
Dutchwife是“竹、藤睡具”,而不是“荷兰老婆”
Frenchchalk滑石粉
Frenchdressing一种由橄榄油,醋、盐,香料等制成的生菜调味品
Frenchgrey浅灰色
Frenchleave是“不告而别”,而不是“请法国假”
Frenchletter是“避孕套”,而不是”法国信”
Frenchwindow落地长窗
Germanmeasles风疹
Germanshepherd牧羊犬,狼犬
GoDutch是“各人自己付钱”,而不是“去荷兰”
Greekgift是“害人的礼物”,而不是“希腊的赠品”
Indianmeal玉米粉
Indiansummer小阳春;愉快宁静的晚年
Indianweed烟草
Italianhand暗中干预
Italianiron圆筒形熨斗
Russianblue蓝灰色,浅蓝色
Russianboot长统靴
Russiandressing俄式调味酱
Russianolive沙枣
Spanish-athlete是“胡说的人”,而不是“西班牙运动员”
Spanishbayonet丝兰属植物
Turkishdelight拌砂软糖
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