全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题+解析答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题+解析答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题+解析答案
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语
(一)
考生注意事项
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4.考试结束,将答题卡和试题册一并装入试题袋中交回。
SeCtiOnIUSeOfEngIiSh
DireCtions:
Readthefollowingtext.ChoOSethebestWOrd(S)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B.COrDOntheANSWERSHEET.(10POmtS)
FIllidintelligenceisthetypeOfintelligencethathastodoWithShOrt-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,IOgiCaIly5andabstractlyinOrdertoSOlVenewPrOblems.It_1_inyoungadulthood.IeVelSOUtforaPeriOdOftime,andthen_2_StartStoSIOWlydeclineasWeage.BUt_3_agingisinevitable,SCientiStSarefindingthatCertainChangeSinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.
OneStUdyfoundthatmuscleIOSSandthe_4_OfbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedWithadeclineinfluidintelligence・ThiSSUggeStSthe_5_thatIifeStyIefactorsInighthelpPreVentOr_6_thistypeOfdecline・
TheresearchersIOOkedatdatathat_7_measurementsOfIeanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandWOmenand_8_thatdatatoreportedChangeSinfluidintelligenceOVerasix-yearPeriOd・Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedPeOPle_9_highermeasuresOfabdominalfat_10_WOrSeOnmeasuresOffluidintelligenceastheyears_11_・
FOrwomen,theassociationmaybe_12_toChangeSinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmuneSyStemdidnotappeartobe_13_・ItishopedthatfutureStUdieSCOUld_14_thesedifferencesandPerhaPSIeadtodifferent—15_formenandwomen.
—16_thereareStePSyouCan_17_tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainIeanmusclemassasyouageinOrdertoPrOteCtbothyourPhySiCalandmental_18_・ThetwohighlyrecommendedIifeStyleapproachesaremaintainingOrincreasingyour—19_OfaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-Style_20_thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyPrOCeSSedfoods.
1.
[A]PaUSeS
[B]returns
[C]PeakS
[D]fades
2.
[A]alternatively
[B]formally
[C]accidentally
[D]generally
3.
[A]While
[B]SinCe
[C]OnCe
[D]Until
4.
[A]detection
[B]accumulation・
[C]COnSUmPtiOn
[D]SeParatiOn
5.
[A]POSSibility
[B]decision
[C]goal
[D]requirement
6.
[A]delay
[B]ensure
[C]Seek
[D]UtiliZe
7.
[A]modified
[B]SUPPOrted
[C]included
[D]PrediCteCi
8.
[A]devoted
[B]COmPared
[C]COnVerted
[D]applied
9.
[A]With
[B]above
[C]by
[D]against
10.
[A]IiVed
[B]managed
[C]SCOred
[D]PIaYed
11.
[A]ranOUt
[B]SetOff
[C]drewin
[D]Wentby
12.
[A]SIIPenOr
[B]attributable
[C]Paranel
[D]resistant
13.
[A]restored
[B]isolated
[C]involved
[D]COntrOlled
14.
[A]alter
[B]SPread
[C]remove
[D]explain
15.
[A]COmPenSatiOn[B]SymPtOmS
[C]demands
[D]treatments
16.
[A]LikeWiSe
[B]MeanWhiIe
[C]TherefOre
[D]InSteaCI
17.
[A]Change
[B]WatCh
[C]COUnt
[D]take
18.
[A]WelI-being
[B]PrOCeSS
[C]formation
[D]COOrdinatiOn
19.
[A]IeVel
[B]IOVe
[C]knowledge
[D]SPaCe
20.
[A]design
[B]routine
[C]diet
[D]PreSCriPtiOn
SeCtiOnIIReadingCOmPrehenSiOn
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnSwerthequestionsbeloweachtextbyChooSiHgA,B,COrD.MarkyouranswersOntheANSWERSHEET.(40POintS)
TeXt1
HOWCanthetrainOPeratOrSPOSSiblyjUStifyyetanotherincreasetorailPaSSengerfares?
Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:
everyJanUarytheCOStOftravellingbytrainrises,imposingaSignifiCantextraburdenOnthoseWhOhavenoOPtiOnbuttoUSetherailnetworktogettoWOrkOrOtherWiSe・ThiSyearsrise,anaverageOf2.7Percent,maybeafractionIOWerthanIaStyears,butitisStiilWellabovetheOffiCialCOnSUmerPriCeIndeX(CPr)measureOfinflation・
SUCCeSSiVegovernmentshavePermittedSUChincreasesOnthegroundsthattheCOStOfinvestinginand∏jnningtherailnetworkShOuldbebornebythoseWhOUSeit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,ShOUIdacar-drivingPenSiOnerfromLinCOlnShirehavetoSUbSidiSethedailyCOnImUteOfaStOCkbrOkerfromSurrey?
EqUanythereisaSenSethatthetravailsOfCOmmUterSintheSOUthEast,manyOfWhOmWillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentionCOmParedtothoseWhOmustenduretherelativelyPOOrinfrastructureOftheMidlandSandtheNOrth・
However,OVerthePaSt12months,thoseCOnImUterShavealsoexperiencedSOnIeOftheWOrStrailStrikeSinyears・ItisallVeryWentrainOPeratOrStrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butPaSSengerSShOUldbeabletoexpectabasicIeVelOfSerViCefortheSUbStantialSUmStheyarenowPayingtotravel.TheresponsibilityfortheIateStWaVeOfStrikeSrestsOntheunions.However,thereisaStrOngCaSethatthoseWhOhavebeenWOrStaffectedbyindustrialactionShOUIdreceiveCOmPenSatiOnfortheCliSrUPtiOntheyhaveSuffered・
TheGOVernmenthasPIedgedtoChangetheIaWtointroduceaminimumSerViCerequirementSOthat,evenWhenStrikeSoccur,SerViCeSCanCOntinUetoOPerate・ThiSShOUIdformPartOfaWiderPaCkageOfmeasurestoaddresstheIOng-runningPrObIemSOnBritainSrailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butPaSSengerSWillnotbeWiningtoPayInOreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,UnreIiableservices,PUnCtUatedbyregularChaOSWhentimetablesarechanged,OrPlannedmaintenanceisInanagedincompetently.ThethreatOfnationalisationmayhavebeenSeenOfffornow,butitWillreturnWithaVengeanCeifthejustifiedangerOfPaSSengerSisnotaddressedinShOrtorder.
21・Theauthorholdsthatthisyear,sincreaseinrailpassengers*fares・
[A]WineasetrainOPeration,sburden.
[B]haskeptPaCeWithinflation.
[C]isabigSUrPriSetoCOmmUterS・
[D]remainsanUnreaSOnablemeasure・
22.TheStOCkbrOkerinParagraPh2isUSedtoStandfor・
[A]Cardrivers
[B]railtravelers
[C]IOCalinvestors
[D]Ordinarytaxpayers
23・ItisindicatedinParagraPh3thattrainOPeratOrS・
[A]areOfferingCOmPenSatiOnStoCOmmUterS・
[B]aretryingtorepairrelationsWiththeUniOnS・
[C]havefailedtoPrOVideanadequateSerViCe・
[D]haveSUfferedhugeIOSSeSOWingtothestrikes.
24.IfUnabletoCalmdownPaSSengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface・
[A]theIOSSOfinvestment.
[B]theCOnaPSeOfoperations.
[C]areductionOfrevenue
[D]aChangeOfOWnerShiP・
25・WhiChOfthefollowingWOUIdbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]WhOAretoBIamefortheStrikes?
[B]COnStantCOmPlainingDOeSn,tWOrk
[C]CanNatiOnaliZatiOnBringHope?
[D]EVer-risingFareSAren,tSUStainable
TeXt2
LaStyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowOfWhenIndOneSiasbleakrateOfdeforestationhasSIOWedinPaCe・OnereasonfortheturnaroundmaybetheCOUntry,santipovertyPrOgram.
In2007,IndOneSiaStartedPhaSinginPrOgramthatgivesmoneytoitsPOOreStresidentsUnderCertainconditions,SUChasrequiringPeOPIetokeepkidsinSChOOlOrgetregularmedicalCare・CanedCOnditiOnalCaShtransfersOrCCTs,theseSOCialassistancePrOgramSaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreaktheCyCleOfPOVerty.They,realreadyUSedindozensOfCOUntrieSWOrldWide・InIndonesia,thePrOgramhasPrOVidedenoughfoodandmedicinetoSUbStantiallyreduceSeVeregrowthPrObIemSamongChildren.
BIltCCTPrOgramSdon'tgenerallyCOnSidereffectsOntheenvironment.Infact,POVertyalleviationandenvironmentalPrOteCtiOnareOftenVieWedasCOnfliCtinggoals,SaySPaUlFerraro,aneconomistatJOhnSHOPkinSUniVerSity.
ThatsbecauseeconomicgrowthCanbeCOrrelatedWithenvironmentaldegradation,WhiIePrOteCtingtheenvironmentisSOmetimeSCOrreIatedWithgreaterPOVerty.However,thoseCOrrelatiOnSdon,tPrOVeCaUSeandeffect.TheOnlyPreViOUSStUdyanalyzingcausality,basedOnanareainMeXiCOthathadinstitutedCCTs,SUPPOrtedthetraditionalVieW・There,asPeOPIegotmoremoney,SOmeOfthemmayhavemoreClearedIandforCattletoraiseformeat,FerrarOSayS・
SUChPrOgramSdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though・FerrarOWantedtoSeeifIndOneSiaSPOVerty-alleviationPrOgramWaSaffectingdeforestation.IndOneSiahasthethird-largestareaOftropicalforestintheWOrIdandOneOfthehighestdeforestationrates.
FerrarOanalyzedSatenitedataShOWingannualforestIOSSfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndOneSiaSPhaSeOftheantipovertyPrOgram-in7,468forestedVinageSacross15PrOVinCeSandmultipleislands・TheduoSeParatedtheeffectsOftheCCTPrOgramOnforestIOSSfromOtherfactors,IikeWeatherandmacroeconomicChanges,WhiChWerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,HWeSeethatthePrOgramisassociatedWitha30PerCentreductionindeforestation/1FerrarOSayS・
ThatSIikelybecausetheιβuralPOOrareUSingthemoneyasInakeShiftinsurancePOliCieSagainstinclementweather,FerrarOSayS・Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,PeOPlemayClearIandtoPlantmorericetoSUPPlementtheirharvests・WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadCanUSethemoneytoSUPPIementtheirharvests.
Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess・FerrarOSUggeStStheimportanceOfgrowingriceandmarketaccess・AndregardlessOftransferability,theStUdyShOWSthatWhatSgoodforPeOPIemayalsobegoodfortheVaIUeOftheavoideddeforestationjustforCarbOndioxideemissionsaloneismorethanthePrOgramcosts.
26.ACCOrdingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTPrOgramSaimto・
[A]facilitatehealthCarereform.
[B]helpPOOrfamiliesgetbetteroff.
[C]improveIOCaleducationsystems.
[D]IOWerCiefOreStatiOnrates.
27.TheStUdybasedOnanareainMeXiCOisCitedtoShOWthat・
[A]CattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansOfIiVeIihOOdforthepoor.
[B]CCTPrOgramShavehehelpedPreSerVetradition
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