初中英语句法体系.docx
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初中英语句法体系.docx
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初中英语句法体系
初中英语句法体系:
第一种分类方法:
(句子按用途分)
第二种分类方法:
Everytime每当,每次
(句子按结构分)
第三种分类方法:
(句子按语态分)
几种时态的区分
一、一般现在时:
1.概念:
表经常的习惯性的动作或行为。
表当前的状态。
表现在的能力。
Heoftengoestoschoolat7o’clock.(动作或行为)
SheisEnglishandsheisbeautiful.(状态)
IcanplaychessbutIcan’tdriveacar.(能力)
2.谓语结构:
do/does
(一般情况下谓语动词要用原形,但当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词也要
用第三人称单数)
动词第三人称单数的构成
一般情况下
加-s
works,reads,likes,lives
以s,x,ch,sh结尾
加-es
watches,teacheswashes
以辅音字母+y结尾
(以元音字母加结尾)
变y为i,再加-es
carry-carries,marry-marries,copy-copies
加-s
Plays
以o结尾
加-es
does,goes
特殊形式
无规律
have--has
3.时间状语:
1)表动作频度的副词:
always/usually/often/sometimes/seldom/never
2)Every系列:
everyday(week/month/year)
4.变否定句和一般疑问句:
变一般疑问句时,不能将实意动词提到主语前,借助助动词do,does.
变否定句时,不能在实意动词后直接加not,借助助动词do,does.
Theyruneverymorning.
Dotheyruneverymorning?
Theydon’truneverymorning
SheteachesmathsatNo.1MiddleSchool.
DoessheteachmathsatNo.1MiddleSchool?
Shedoesn’tteachmathsatNo.1MiddleSchool?
Hissisteroftenhassupperatschool.
Doeshissisteroftenhavesupperatschool?
Hissisterdoesn’thavesupperatschool.
Mymotherdoeshouseworkeveryday.
Doesyourmotherdohouseworkeveryday?
Mymotherdoesn’tdohouseworkeveryday.
二、一般过去时:
1、概念:
表过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
Wehadagoodtimeyesterday.
WewereontheGreatwallandhappy.
2.谓语结构:
动词的过去时did
动词过去时的规则变化
在词尾加ed.
Finished,looked,published
以不发音e结尾,只加d.
Lived,noticed,decided
以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i,
再加ed.
Hurry-Hurried,carry-carried,cry-cried
以重度闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该辅音字母,加ed
Stopped
动词过去时不规则变化(书后)
3.时间状语:
1)last系列:
lastnight(month/year/Sunday/weekend)
2)ago系列:
3daysago,5minutesago,twoweeksago,amonthago
3)其他:
yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,in1990,Inthepast
justnow,onceuponatime,whenIwasyoung.
4.变否定句和一般疑问句:
变一般疑问句和否定句时,借助助动词did.
Ittookhim2hourstogetthere.
Didittakehim2hourstogetthere?
Itdidn’ttakehim2hourstogetthere.
Hehadbreakfastjustnow.
Didhehavebreakfastjustnow?
Hedidn’thavebreakfastjustnow.
Theydidmorningexercises.
Didtheydomorningexercises?
Theydidn’tdomorningexercises.
Wheredidyouvisitlastweek?
Whendidyougothere?
Howlongdidyoustaythere?
Whodidyougowith?
三、现在进行时:
1.概念:
表现在或当前一段时间正在发生的动作或行为。
2.谓语动词:
am/is/are+doing
动词现在分词的构成
一般直接加ing
Visitingtalkingreadingdoing
以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing
Writinghavingmakingleaving
以重度闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个
辅音字母,双写该辅音字母,加ing.
gettingshoppingputtingSitting
特殊情况
Lie—lyingdie---dying
3.时间状语:
Now,atthemomentlisten!
Look!
Thesedays
4.例句:
Thestudentsarehavingarestafterclassnow.
Mymotheriscookingdinneratthemoment.
Look!
Someboysareplayingfootballontheplayground.
Listen!
Abirdissinginginthetree.
WearegettingreadyfortheEnglishtestthesedays.
四、过去进行时:
1.概念:
表过去某一时刻或一段时间正在发生的动作或行为。
2.谓语结构:
was/were+doing
3.时间状语:
At8o’clockyesterdayevening
Atthistimeyesterday
Atthattime/then
Lastnight
Whenshecamein
WhileIwaswalkingalongthestreet.
4.例句:
MyfatherwaswatchingTVat8o’clockyesterdayevening
MymotherandIwerewashingclothesatthistimeyesterday.
Shewasreadingagreatbookatthattime/then.
TonywastalkingwithDamingwhentheteachercameintotheclassroom.
ItwasrainingwhileIwaswalkingalongthestreet.
BettyandLinglingwereplayinggameslastnight.
Wewerevisitingamuseumthismorning.
五、一般将来时:
1.概念:
表将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。
TheywilltraveltoAustralianextweek.
Shewillbeadoctorinthefuture.
I’mgoingtovisitmygrandparentstomorrow.
2.谓语结构:
1)begoingto+do
----表未来存在的事实或对未来的预测,强调客观。
2)will+do
-----表某人的计划、打算、有意要做的事,强调主观。
3.时间状语:
1)next系列:
nextweek/month/year
2)in系列:
in3days,in2018,inthefuture
3)this系列:
thisafternoon,thisevening,thisweekend
4)其它:
tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,rightnow(马上)
Fromnowon(从现在起)
4.例句:
Theweatherwillbecomehotterandhotterinthefuture.
Iamgoingtoenteranspeakingcompetitionthedayaftertomorrow.
Hewillbe38yearsoldin2019.
Wewillhaveachessmatchthisafternoon.
5.要表达将要到某地,动词go和going重复,故:
begoingto+地点。
I’mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.
TheyaregoingtoNewYorkin4days.
6.现在进行时的句式表将来:
Thebusiscomingrightnow.公交车马上就要来了。
Thetrainisleavinginhalfanhour.火车半个小时后就要出发了。
7.用howsoon(多久)提问时间:
Mybrotherwillcomebackinaweek.
Howsoonwillyourbrothercomeback?
Hewillfinishhishomeworkin15minutes.
Howsoonwillhefinishhishomework?
六、现在完成时
(一)
1、概念:
表过去发生的动作,对现在造成的影响和结果。
2、谓语结构:
助动词have/has+动词的过去分词
(1)过去分词分为:
规则(+)和不规则(书后)
(2)have/has做实意动词的情况:
havebreakfasthavelunch
havesupperhavedinner
havemaths上数学课
3.表时间的副词:
ever(曾经)never(从未)sofar(到目前为止)before(以前)
just(刚刚)—与justnow的区别already(已经)—肯定句中
yet(仍旧,还未)—放在疑问句、否定句的句末。
4.注意两种结构的区别:
Have/hasbeento:
去过某处(已回来)(常和once,twice,3times连用)
Have/hasgoneto:
去了某处(还未回来)
5.例句:
1)HaveyoueverbeentoGerman?
---No,Ihaven’t./no,Never.(IhaveneverbeentoGerman)
2)Sofarhehasvisited8countries.
3)Haveyoumettheastronautbefore?
4)Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.
(区别:
Ifinishedmyhomeworkjustnow.)
5)Wehavealreadyread10stories.
6)Hasshewashedherclothesyet?
---No,shehasn’tyet.(Shehasn’twashedherclothesyet.)
7)IhavebeentoFrancetwice.
8)Whereisyourfather?
----HehasgonetoNewYork.Hewillcomebackinaweek.
(二)
1、概念:
表某一动作或状态从过去开始,一直持续到现在。
2、谓语结构:
助动词have/has+动词的过去分词
(1)表持续的动作:
用可持续的动词。
可持续的动词:
playeatrunwrite
不可持续的动词:
beginhitjoinbuy
(2)表持续的状态:
用be动词。
3、表时间的短语:
for+一段时间/Since+过去某一时间点
(inthelastthreedays在最近三天/inthepasttwoyears在过去的两年里)
4、注意两种句式的区别:
Have/hasbeenin:
表持续的状态
Have/hasbeento:
表去过某地
5.例句:
表持续的动作:
1)Hehaslivedherefor10years.
2)TheyhavetalkedwitheachotherSincehalfanhourago.
3)Hehasswumfor15minutes
Hehasswumsince15minutesago.
4)WehavestudiedintheschoolsinceIwas11yearsold.
5)Ihaveknownhimsincethen.
表持续的状态:
1)Ihavebeenillforabout3days.
2)Hisgrandpahasbeendeadsincehewas5yearsold.
3)Mybrotherhasbeenasoldiersince2013.
4)Ihavebeenherefor6months.
改错:
1)Thefilmhasbegunfor5minutes.
2)Shehasboughtthebookfortwoyears.
3)Ihaveborrowedthebikefromthelibrarysinceaweekago.
不规则动词的过去时和过去分词
(一)三种形式都一样的:
put--put—put放
cut--cut—cut切
let--let--let让
cost--cost—cost花费
hurt--hurt--hurt伤害
hit--hit—hit撞
read--read—read读
(二)两种形式一样的:
1.run--ran—run跑
come--came—come来
become--became—become成为
beat--beat—beaten打败
2.meet--met—met遇见
feed--fed—fed喂
lead--led—led带领
3.send--sent—sent发送
spend--spent—spent花费
lend--lent—lent借出
build--built—built建造
4.feel--felt—felt感觉
keep--kept—kept保持
sweep--swept—swept打扫
sleep--slept—slept睡觉
5.say--said--said
pay--paid--paid
sell--sold--sold
tell--told--told
stand--stood--stood
understand--understood—understood
6.smell--smelt--smelt
(smell--smelled--smelled)
spell--spelt--spelt
(spell--spelled--spelled)
dream--dreamt--dreamt
(dream--dreamed--dreamed)
learn--learnt--learnt
(learn--learned--learned)
mean--meant--meant
7.sit--sat--sat
win--won--won
get--got--got
lose--lost--lost
make--made--made
hear--heard--heard
leave--left--left
have/has--had--had
hold--held--held
find--found--found
8.buy--bought--bought
think--thought--thought
fight--fought--fought
catch--caught--caught
teach--taught--taught
bring--brought--brought
(三)三种形式都不一样的:
1.am,is--was--been
are--were--been
do--did--done
go--went--gone
see--saw—seen
wear--wore--worn
eat--ate--eaten
fall--fell--fallen
take--took--taken
2.forget--forgot--forgotten
choose--chose--chosen
lie--lay--lain
shake--shook--shaken
wake--woke--woken
show--showed--shown
3..sing--sang--sung
swim--swam--swum
drink--drank--drunk
begin--began--begun
4.rise--rose--risen
ride--rode--ridden
write--wrote--written
drive--drove--driven
5.bite--bit--bitten
hide--hid--hidden
6.speak--spoke--spoken
steal--stole--stolen
break--broke--broken
7.know--knew--known
grow--grew--grown
throw--threw--thrown
draw--drew--drawn
fly--flew--flown
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