材料科学概论复习题答案不完整版.docx
- 文档编号:11211376
- 上传时间:2023-02-25
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:45
- 大小:591.38KB
材料科学概论复习题答案不完整版.docx
《材料科学概论复习题答案不完整版.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《材料科学概论复习题答案不完整版.docx(45页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
材料科学概论复习题答案不完整版
一、名词解释
Reactionbonding反应粘合
Aceramicprocessingtechnique,bywhichashapeismadeusingonematerialthatislaterconvertedintoaceramicmaterialbychemicalreactionandsintering.
Materialsscienceandengineering材料科学与工程
isaninterdisciplinaryfieldconcernedwithinventingnewmaterialsandimprovingpreviouslyknownmaterialsbydevelopingadeeperunderstandingofthemicrostructure-composition-synthesis-processingrelationships.
Structure结构
meansadescriptionofthearrangementsofatomsorionsinamaterial
Composition成分
meansthechemicalmake-upofamaterial.
Trans-granular(晶内的,穿晶的)Fracture穿晶断裂
fractureinwhichcrackswouldgothroughthegrains.
DuctileFracture韧性断裂
Inmetalsthathavegoodductilityandtoughness,ductilefracturenormallyoccursinatrans-granularmethod.Often,aconsiderableamountofdeformation-includingneckingisobservedinthefailedcomponent
GlassIntermediates玻璃中间体
Oxidesthat,whenaddedtoaglass,helptoextendtheglassynetwork;althoughtheoxidesnormallydonotformaglassthemselves.
shotpeening喷丸加工
Aprocessinwhichmetalspheresareshotatacomponent.Thisleadstoaresidualcompressivestressatthesurfaceofacomponentandthisenhancesfatiguelife.
Flexuralmodulus弯曲模量
Themodulusofelasticitycalculatedfromtheresultsofabendtest,givingtheslopeofthestress-deflection(偏转)curve
Tempering回火
Alow–temperatureheattreatmentusedtoreducethehardnessofmartensite(马氏体)bypermittingthemartensitetobegintodecomposetotheequilibriumphase.
Stress压力
Forceorloadperunitareaofcross-section(横界面)overwhichtheforceorloadisacting
Strain张力
Elongation(延长)changeindimensionperunitlength.
Young’smodulus杨氏模量
Theslope(斜率)ofthelinear(线性的)partofthestress-straincurveintheelastic(弹性的)region(区域的),sameasmodulusofelasticity(弹性系数).
Synthesis合成
istheprocessbywhichmaterialsaremadefromnaturallyoccurringorotherchemicalreaction
Processing加工
meansdifferentwaysforshapingmaterialsintousefulcomponentsorchangingtheirproperties.
Aspectratio长宽比
Thelengthofafiberdividedbyitsdiameter.
Delamination分层
Separationofindividualpliesofafiber-reinforcedcomposite.
Ductiletobrittletransitiontemperature(DBTT)延脆性过渡温度
Thetemperaturebelowwhichamaterialbehavesinabrittlemannerinanimpacttest
Creeprate蠕变速率
Therateatwhichamaterialdeformswhenastressisappliedatahightemperature
Rupturetime断裂时间
Thetimerequiredforaspecimentofailbycreepataparticulartemperatureandstress
Fatiguelife疲劳寿命
Thenumberofcyclespermittedataparticularstressbeforeamaterialfailsbyfatigue
Endurancelimit疲劳极限
Anolderconceptthatdefinedastressbelowwhichamaterialwillnotfailinafatiguetest.
Tapecasting流延成型
Aprocessformakingthinsheetsofceramicsusingaceramicslurryconsistingofbinders(粘结剂),plasticizers(可塑剂),etc.Theslurryiscastwiththehelpofablade(刀片)ontoaplasticsubstrate.
Truestress实际应力
Fatiguestrength疲劳强度
Thestressrequiredtocausefailurebyfatigueinagivennumberofcycles,suchas500millioncycles.
Notchsensitivity切口灵敏度
Measurestheeffectofanotch,scratch(剐擦敏感度)-,orotherimperfection(不完整性,非理想性)onamaterial’sproperties,suchastoughnessorfatiguelife
Linearpolymer线型高分子
Anypolymerinwhichmoleculesareintheformofspaghetti-likechains(类似与意大利细面条).
Brittlestress-rupturefailures脆性应力断裂失效
usuallyshowlittleneckingandoccurmoreoftenatsmallercreepratesandhightemperatures.
Creep蠕变
atimedependent,permanentdeformationathightemperature,occurringatconstantloadorconstantstress
Stress-corrosion应力腐蚀
Aphenomenoninwhichmaterialsreactwithcorrosivechemicalsintheenvironmentleadingtotheformationofcracksandloweringofstrength
Ruleofmixtures混合定律
Thestatementthatthepropertiesofacompositematerialareafunctionofthevolumefractionofeachmaterialinthecomposite
Trueporosity真实孔隙率
Thepercentageofaceramicbodythatiscomposedofbothclosedandinterconnectedporosity
ElectricalContacts电触头
Materials,usedforelectricalcontactsinswitchesandrelays(继电器)musthaveagoodcombinationofwearresistanceandelectricalconductivity.
Polymers高聚物
thesematerialsaremadeupofmany(poly)identicalchemicalunits(mers)thatarejoinedtogethertoconstructgiantmolecules(巨大的分子).
Tensiletoughness断裂韧性
theenergyabsorbedbyamaterialpriortofracturing(断裂)
Ductility延展性
theamountofdeformationthatamaterialcanwithstandwithoutbreaking
Truestrain\真实形变
Thestraincalculatedusingactualandnotoriginaldimensions,givenbyet=ln(l/l0)=ln(A/A0)
Glass-ceramics微晶玻璃
arecrystallinematerialsthatarederivedfromamorphousglasses.Usually,glass-ceramicshaveasubstantiallevelofcrystallinity(~>70-99%).
AdditionPolymerization加成聚合反应
Processbywhichpolymerchainsarebuiltupbyaddingmonomers(单体)togetherwithoutcreatingabyproduct(副产品).
CondensationPolymerization缩聚反应
Apolymerizationmechanisminwhichasmallmolecule(e.g.,water,methanol,etc.)iscondensedoutasabyproduct
Deflectiontemperature变形温度
Thetampertureatwhichapolymerwilldeformagivenamountunderastandardload.
DegreeofPolymerization聚合度
Theaveragemolecularweightofthepolymerdividedbythemolecularweightofthemonomer.
Injectionmolding喷射造型法
Aprocessingtechniqueinwhichathermoplasticmass(loadedwithceramicpowder)ismixedinanextruder-likesetupandtheninjectedintoadietoformcomplexparts.Inthecaseofceramics,thethermoplasticisburntoff.
Conchoidalfracture(贝壳状的断裂)
Fracturesurfacecontainingaverysmoothmirrorzoneneartheoriginofthefracture,withtearlinescomprisingtheremainderofthesurface.
Poisson’sratio泊松比
longitudinalelasticdeformation(纵向变形)tothelateraldeformation(横向变形)occurringatthesametimebyatensileorcompressivestress.
Bulkdensity体积密度
Themassofaceramicbodyperunitvolume,includingclosedandinterconnectedporosity
Powdermetallurgy粉末冶金
Powderprocessingroutesusedforconvertingmetalandalloypowdersintousefulshapes
Temperedglass钢化玻璃
isproducedbyquenching(淬火)thesurfaceofplateglasswithaircausingthesurfacelayerstocoolandcontract.Whenthecentercools,itscontractionisrestrainedbythealreadyrigidsurface,whichisplacedincompression
Glasstemperature玻璃化温度
Atemperaturebelowwhichanotherwiseductile(延展性)materialbehavesasifitisbrittle
Glassformers玻璃形成体
Oxideswithahigh-bondstrengththateasilyproduceaglassduringprocessing
Intermediates中间体
Oxidesthat,whenaddedtoaglass,helptoextendtheglassynetwork;althoughtheoxidesnormallydonotformaglassthemselves.
stiffness刚度
Aqualitativemeasureoftheelasticdeformationproducedinamaterial.
Fracturemechanics断裂力学
Thestudyofamaterial’sabilitytowithstandstressinthepresenceofaflaw
Synthesis合成
istheprocessbywhichmaterialsaremadefromnaturallyoccurringorotherchemicals
Apparentporosity虚表孔率
Thepercentageofaceramicbodythatiscomposedofinterconnectedporosity
Trueporosity真实气孔率
Thepercentageofaceramicbodythatiscomposedofbothclosedandinterconnectedporosity
Vulcanization橡胶的硫化
Cross-linkingelastomerchainsbyintroducingsulfurorotherchemicals.
Degradationtemperature降解温度
Thetemperatureabovewhichapolymerburns,chars,ordecomposes
Thermoplasticelastomers热塑性弹性体
Thesearepolymers(thermoplasticsorlightlycross-linkedthermosets)thathaveanelastic(弹性形变)deformation>200%.
Unsaturatedbond不饱和键
Thedouble-oreventriple-covalentbondjoiningtwoatomstogetherinanorganicmolecule.
Functionality
Thenumberofsitesonamonomeratwhichpolymerization(聚合作用)canoccur
Branchedpolymer支链型高分子
Inabranchedpolymer,thereareprimarypolymerchainsandsecondaryoffshoots(分支)ofsmallerchainsthatstemfromthesemainchains.
Crystallinity结晶度
referstothedegreeofstructuralorderinasolid
Tacticity立构规整度
Describesthelocationinthepolymerchainofatomsoratomgroupsinnon-symmetricalmonomers(非对称性单体).
Necking颈缩
Localizeddeformation(局部变形)ofaductilematerialduringatensiletestproducesaneckedregion(收缩区).
Elasticlimit弹性极限
thecriticalstress(临界应力)valueneededtoinitiateplasticdeformation(开始塑性变形)ordislocationmotion(位错运动).
Tensilestrength抗张强度
thestressatwhichNeckingbeginsinductilematerials.
Stress-corrosion应力腐蚀
Aphenomenoninwhichmaterialsreactwithcorrosivechemicalsintheenvironmentleadingtotheformationofcracksandloweringofstrength
Chevronpattern(回纹状图案)-
Acommonfracturefeatureproducedbyseparatecrackfrontspropagatingatdifferentlevelsinthematerial
Climb爬移
Movementofadislocationperpendicular(垂直的)toitsslipplanebythediffusionofatomstoorfromthedislocationline
Impactenergy冲击能量
Theenergyrequiredtofractureastandardspecimenwhentheloadisappliedsuddenly
Impacttoughness冲击韧性
Energyabsorbedbyamaterial,usuallynotched(有凹槽的),duringfracture,undertheconditionsofimpacttest
ParticulatecompositesRuleofmixtures混合物的颗粒混合法则
Thestatementthatthepropertiesofacompositematerialareafunctionofthevolumefractionofeachmaterialinthecomposite
Relaxationtime松弛时间
Apropertyofapolymerthatisrelatedtotherateatwhichstressrelaxationoccurs.
CrackGrowthRate裂纹扩展速率
therateofpropagationofacrack
Copolymer共聚物
Macrohardness宏观硬度
Overallbulkhardnessofmaterialsmeasuredusingloads>2N.
Microhardness微观硬度
Hardnessofmaterialstypicallymeasuredusingloadslessthan2NusingsuchtestasKnoop(HK努普硬度).
Nano-hardness纳米硬度
Hardnessofmaterials
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 材料科学 概论 复习题 答案 完整版