英国文学史笔记上外.docx
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英国文学史笔记上外.docx
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英国文学史笔记上外
Index
16
WilliamShakespeare
Victorian
CharlesDickens
WilliamMakepeaceThackeray
GeorgeEliot
17
JohnDonne
ThomasHood
JohnMilton
CharlotteBronteand
EmilyBronte
JohnBunyan
Alfred,LordTennyson
RobertBrowning
ElizabethBarrettBrowning
18
DanielDefoe
HenryFielding
JonathanSwift
OliverGoldsmith
WilliamBlake
Romantic
WilliamWordsworth
20
ThomasHardy
GorgeGordon,LordByron
JohnGalsworthy
OscarWilde
PercyByssheShelly
GeorgeBernardShaw
JohnKeats
D.H.Lawrence
VirginiaWoolf
WalterScott
JamesJoyce
TheSixteenthCentury
Beginningof16thcentury
ThomasMore
Utopia.Moregaveaprofoundandtruthfulpictureofthepeople’ssufferingandputforwardhisidealofafuturehappysociety.
Endthecentury
FrancisBacon
Scientistandphilosopher
Firsthalfof16thcentury
ThomasWyatt,HenryHoward
Theyinitiatednewpoeticalforms,borrowingfreelyfromEnglishpopularsongsandItalianandFrenchpoetry.WyattwasthefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature.
Secondhalfofthe16thcentury
PhilipSidney,ThomasCampionandEdmundSpenser
LyricalpoembecomewidespreadinEngland.EdmundwastheauthorofthegreatestepicpoemofthetimeTheFairyQueen.
Courtlifeandgallantrynovel
JohnLyly,ThomasLoge
GreatpopularitywaswonbyJohnLyly’snovelEphesuswhichgaverisetotheterm“euphuism”,designatinganaffectedstyleofcourtspeech.
Realisticnovel
ThomasDelaney,ThomasNashe
Devotedtoeverydaylifeofcraftsman,merchantsandotherrepresentativesoflowerclass
Drama
ChristopherMarlowe
ReformeddramathatgenreinEnglishandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.ItwasMarlowewhomadeblankversetheprincipalvehicleofexpressionindrama.
WilliamShakespeare
TheworksofWilliamShakespeareareagreatlandmarkinthehistoryofworldliteratureforhewasoneofthefirstfoundersofrealism,amasterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.
Works
Firstperiod:
RomeoandJuliet
SecondPeriod:
1.Hamlet,PrinceofDemark
2.Othello,theMoorofVenice
3.KingLear
4.TheTragedyofMacbeth
TheSeventeenthCentury
PuritanAge
Puritanattitude
Theybelievedinsimplicityoflife,breakingupofoldideas,anageofconfusion.
Puritanaction
Theydisapprovedofthesonnetsandlovepoetrywritteninthepreviousperiod.
In1642thetheatreswereclose
Thebiblebecomeonebookofthepeople
LiteraryCharacteristics
Absenceoffixedstandardofliterarycriticism,exaggerationof“metaphysical”poets.
PoetrytooknewandstartlingformsinDonneandHerbert,andprosebecameassomberasBurrton’sAnatomyofMelancholy.
Thespiritualgloomsoonerorlaterfastensuponallthewritersofthisage.Thissocalledgloomyageproducedsomeminorpoemsofexquisitesworkmanship,andoneofgreatmasterofversewhoseworkwouldglorifyanyageorpeople---JohnMilton,inwhomtheindomitablePuritanspiritfindsitsnoblestexpression.
RestorationAge
LiteraryCharacteristics
RenouncedoldideasanddemandedthatEnglishpoetryanddreamshouldfollowthestylewhichtheyhadbecomeaccustomedinthegaietyofParis.
Onthewholetheywereimmoralandcynical.
Frenchinfluence
Rimedcoupletsinsteadofblankverse,theunities,amoreregularconstruction,andthepresentationoftryesratherthanindividual
Thecomediesarecoarseinlanguageandtheirviewoftherelationbetweenmanandwonisimmoralanddishonest.
JohnDryden
Asacritic,poetandplaywrightwasthemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureoftherestorationage.Themostpopulargenrewasthatofcomedywhosechiefaimastoentertainthelicentiousaristocrats.
JohnDonne
1.Poetry
Form
Partofhispoetryisinsuchclassicalformsassatires,elegies,andepistles---thoughitstylehasanythingbutclassicalsmoothness---andpartiswritteninlyricalformsofextraordinaryvariety.
Characteristics
1.Mostofitpurportstodealwithlife,descriptiveorexperimentally,andthefirstthingtostrikethereaderisDonne’sextraordinaryandpenetratingrealism.
2.ThenextisthecynicismwhichmarkscertainofthelighterpoemsandwhichrepresentsaconsciousreactionfromtheextremeidealizationofwomanencouragedbythePatrarchantradition.
Love-poem
Inhisseriouslove-poems,however,Donne,whilenotrelaxinghisgraspontherealitiestheloveexperience,suffusesitwithanemotionalintensityandaspiritualizedardoruniqueinEnglishpoetry.
2.Sonnet
ContrastbetweenconventionalandDonne’ssonnet
Conventionalsonnet
Donne’ssonnet
Theunvaryingsuccessioninform
Givesnearlyeverythemeaverseandstanzaformpeculiartoitself
Decoratinghisthemebyconventionalcomparison
Illuminatesoremphasizeshisthoughtbyfantasticmetaphorsandextravaganthyperbole.
Style
Inmomentsofinspirationhisstylebecomeswonderfullypoignantanddirect,heart-searchinginitssimplehumanaccents,withanoriginalityandforceforwhichwelookinvainamongtheclearandfluentmelodiesofElizabethanlyrists.
Conceit
1.Sometimesthe“conceits”,astheseextravagantfiguresarecalled,aresooddthatwelosesightofthethingtobeillustrated,inthestartlingnatureoftheillustration.
2.Thefashionofconceitingwriting,somewhatlikeeuphuisminprose,appearedinItalyandSpainalso.Itsimaginativeexuberancehasitsparallelsinbaroquearchitectureandpainting.
Song
Goandcatchafallingstar,
Getwithchildamandrakeroot,
Tellmewhereallthepastyearsare,
OrwhoclefttheDevil’sfoot,
Teachmetohearmermaidssinging,
Ortokeepoffenvy’sstinging,
Andfind
Whatwind
Serverstoadvanceanhonestmind.
Ifthoubeestborntostrangesights,
Thingsinvisibletosee,
Ridetenthousanddaysandnights,
Tillagesnowwhitehairsonthee,
Thou,whenthoureturn’st,wilttellme
Allstrangewondersthatbefellthee,
Andanswer
Nowhere
Livesawomantrue,andfair,
Ifthoufind’stone,letmeknow,
Suchapilgrimageweresweet,
Yetdonot,Iwouldnogo
Thoughnextdoorwemightmeet,
Thoughsheweretruewhenyoumether,
Andlasttillyouwriteyourletter,
Yetshe
Willbe
False,ereIcome,totwo,orthree.
JohnMilton
DaysinHorton
L’Allegro
Describinghappiness
IlPenseroso
Describingmeditation
Lycidas
Praisingadearfriendwhohadbeendrowned
Comus
Presentingamasqueorplay
Pamphlets
Areopagitica,SpeechfortheLibertyofUnlicensedPrinting
Aboldattackonthecensorshipofthepress
Eikinoklastes
ApamphletsinwhichtheauthorjustifiedtheexecutionofCharles
DefensefortheEnglishPeople
AdefenseoftheCommonwealthandRevolution
ParadiseLost
1.Itrepresentstheauthor’sviewsinanallegoricalreligiousform,
2.Andthereaderwilleasilydiscernitsbasicidea---theexposureofreactionaryforcesofthistimeandpassionateappealforfreedom.
3.Itisbasedonthebiblicallegendoftheimaginaryprogenitorsofthehumanrace---AdamandEve,andinvolvesGodandhiseternaladversary,Sataninplot.
JohnBunyan
MiltonandBunyan
Milton
Bunyan
Education
Welleducated
Poorlyeducated
Inheriting
SonofRenaissance
anexcessofthatspiritualindependencewhichhadcausethePuritanstruggleforliberty
Puritan
TheonlyepicsinceBeowulf
Theonlygreatallegory
BookshelpfulforBunyansignificantly
1.ThebooksfromhiswifeThePlainMan’sPathwaytoHeavenandThePracticeofPietygavefiretohisimagination,whichhesawnewvisionsanddreamterriblenewdreamsoflostsouls.
2.WithoutfullydigestionofBibleandScripture,hewastossedaboutalikeafeatherbyallthewindsofdoctrine.
ThePilgrim’sProgress
Bunyan’smostimportantworkisThePilgrim’sProgress,writteninoldfashioned,medievalformofallegoryanddream.
TheEighteenthcentury
1.Enlightenment
Nature
Anexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism
Against
Classinequality,stagnation,prejudiceandothersurvivaloffeudalism
Repudiatethefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousnessofhumannature
Accept
Placeallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople
Acceptbourgeoisrelationshipasrightfulandreasonablerelationsamongpeople.
ComparedtoFrance
revealedtothemostprogressivemindsofthecenturythecontradictionsofnewsocietyinsteadof“clearedthemindsofmenforthecomingrevolution”ofFrance
1.1FirstrepresentativesofEnlightenment
Commoncomment
ThoughintheirworkstheycriticizeddifferentaspectsofcontemporaryEnglish,theyneversetthemselvesthetaskofstrugglingagainsttheexistingorderoflife,butonthecontrary,attemptedtosmoothoversocialcontradictionsbymoralizingandproclaiming,asPopedid,that“whateveris,isright”.
JosephAddison&RichardSteel
Devotednotonlytosocialproblem,butalsotoprivatelifeandadventures,gaveanimpetustothedevelopmentofthe18소centurynovel
AlexanderPope
Thehighestauthorityinmattersofliteraryart
Elaboratedcertainregulationsforthestyleofpoeticalworksandmadepopulartheso-calledheroicscouplets---fivefootiambicrhymedincouplet
1.2Foundersofnovel
Thedevelopmentofindustryandtradebroughttotheforemenofanewstamp,whohadtobetypifiedinthenewliterature.
Author
Work
Description
Comment
DanielDefoe
RobinsonCrusoe
TheimageofanenterprisingEnglishmanofthe18소centurywascreated.
OneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18소centuryrealisticnovel.
HenryFielding
UnfoldsaspreadofpanoramaoflifeinallsectionsofEnglishsociety
Realfounderofthegenreofthebourgeoisreal
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