APA格式原文参考.docx
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APA格式原文参考.docx
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APA格式原文参考
APACitationStyle
APAcitationstylereferstotherulesandconventionsestablishedbytheAmerican
PsychologicalAssociationfordocumentingsourcesusedinaresearchpaper.APAstylerequiresbothin-textcitationsandareferencelist.Foreveryin-textcitationthereshouldbeafullcitationinthereferencelistandviceversa.
TheexamplesofAPAstylesandformatslistedonthispageincludemanyofthemostcommontypesofsourcesusedinacademicresearch.ForadditionalexamplesandmoredetailedinformationaboutAPAcitationstyle,refertothePublicationManualoftheAmerican
PsychologicalAssociationandtheAPAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferences.
Also,forautomaticgenerationofcitationsinappropriatecitationstyle,useabibliographiccitationmanagementprogramsuchasRefworksorEndNote.Youcanfindmoreinformation
onthisinourCitationManagementpage.
RefereneeCitationsinText
InAPAstyle,in-textcitationsareplacedwithinsentencesandparagraphssothatitisclearwhatinformationisbeingquotedorparaphrasedandwhoseinformationisbeingcited.
Examples:
Worksbyasingleauthor
Thelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublicationareinsertedinthetextattheappropriatepoint.
fromtheoryonboundedrationality(Simon,1945)
Ifthenameoftheauthororthedateappearaspartofthenarrative,citeonlymissinginformationinparentheses.
Simon(1945)positedthat
Worksbymultipleauthors
Whenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursinthetext.Inparentheticalmaterialjointhenameswithanampersand(&).
ashasbeenshown(Leiter&Maslach,1998)
Inthenarrativetext,jointhenameswiththeword"and."
asLeiterandMaslach(1998)demonstrated
Whenaworkhasthree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs.
Kahneman,Knetsch,andThaler(1991)found
Inallsubsequentcitationsperparagraph,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedby"etal."(Latinfor"andothers")andtheyearofpublication.
Kahnemanetal.(1991)found
Worksbyassociations,corporations,governmentagencies,etc.
Thenamesofgroupsthatserveasauthors(corporateauthors)areusuallywrittenouteachtimetheyappearinatextreference.
(NationalInstituteofMentalHealth[NIMH],2007)
Whenappropriate,thenamesofsomecorporateauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstreferenceandabbreviatedinallsubsequentcitations.ThegeneralruleforabbreviatinginthismanneristosupplyenoughinformationinthetextcitationforareadertolocateitssourceintheReferenceListwithoutdifficulty.
(NIMH,2007)
Workswithnoauthor
Whenaworkhasnoauthor,usethefirsttwoorthreewordsofthework'stitle(omittinganyinitialarticles)asyourtextreference,capitalizingeachword.Placethetitleinquotationmarksifitreferstoanarticle,chapterofabook,orWebpage.Italicizethetitleifitreferstoabook,periodical,brochure,orreport.
onclimatechange("ClimateandWeather,"1997)
GuidetoAgriculturalMeteorologicalPractices(1981)
Anonymousauthorsshouldbelistedassuchfollowedbyacommaandthedate.
onclimatechange(Anonymous,2008)
Specificpartsofasource
Tociteaspecificpartofasource(alwaysnecessaryforquotations),includethepage,chapter,etc.(withappropriateabbreviations)inthein-textcitation.
(Stigter&Das,1981,p.96)
DeWaal(1996)overstatedthecasewhenheassertedthat"weseem
tobereaching...fromthehandsofphilosophers"(p.218).
Ifpagenumbersarenotincludedinelectronicsources(suchasWeb-basedjournals),provide
theparagraphnumberprecededbytheabbreviation"para."ortheheadingandfollowing
paragraph.
(M?
nnich&Spiering,2008,para.9)
RefereneeList
ReferencescitedinthetextofaresearchpapermustappearinaReferenceListorbibliography.Thislistprovidestheinformationnecessarytoidentifyandretrieveeachsource.
Order:
Entriesshouldbearrangedinalphabeticalorderbyauthors'lastnames.
Sourceswithoutauthorsarearrangedalphabeticallybytitlewithinthesamelist.
Authors:
Writeoutthelastnameandinitialsforallauthorsofaparticularwork.Use
anampersand(&)insteadoftheword"and"whenlistingmultipleauthorsofasinglework.e.g.Smith,J.D.,&Jones,M.
Titles:
Capitalizeonlythefirstwordofatitleorsubtitle,andanypropernamesthat
arepartofatitle.
Pagination:
Usetheabbreviationp.orpp.todesignatepagenumbersofarticles
fromperiodicalsthatdonotusevolumenumbers,especiallynewspapers.Theseabbreviationsarealsousedtodesignatepagesinencyclopediaarticlesandchaptersfromeditedbooks.
Indentation*:
Thefirstlineoftheentryisflushwiththeleftmargin,andall
subsequentlinesareindented(5to7spaces)toforma"hangingindent".
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
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