Christianity.docx
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Christianity.docx
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Christianity
Christianity基督教
QuickFactsaboutChristianity
•WhatisChristianity?
•BeganinJudah(Israel)about2000yearsago(圣经中的)犹大
•FoundedbyJesus(Christ)
religionthatfollowsJesusChrist’steachings:
thereligionbasedonthelife,teachings,andexampleofJesusChrist.
I.ABriefHistory
~0C.E.–Jesusisborn
~33C.E.–Jesusdies['iːdɪkt]n.法令;布告
~320CE–RomanEmperorConstantinebecomesaChristian,
313CE—ConstantineissuedtheEdictofMilan(米兰敕令),makingChristianitylegal.
380CE–EmperorTheodosiusmakesChristianitythestatereligionoftheRomanEmpire
451CELeo1becomesthe1stpope
500–1500CER.C.Churchverystrong
HolyBible
II.Whatdoes"HolyBible"mean?
•Theword"Bible"comesfromtheGreekword"biblos"meaning"book"."Holy"isawordmeaning"setapart"or"separate",withtheideaofbeingsetapartordedicatedbyorforGod.
•"HolyBible"wasgiventothisbookbecauseitwasseentobeGod'sinspiredWord,thusmakingitseparatefromallotherbookseverwritten.
III.WhenwastheBiblewritten?
TheBibleisacollectionofbooksorwritingsthatwerewrittenoveraperiodofapproximately1600yearsbymanydifferentwriters.
ThefirstbookswerewrittenbyMoses(摩西)about1500BC.
ThelastwaswrittenbyJohntheApostlearound100AD.
IV.WhyistheBibledividedintotheOldandNewTestaments?
TheOldTestamentcontains39booksthatwerewritteninHebrewbeforethebirthofChrist.
theNewTestamentcontains27booksthatwerewritteninGreekafterChrist.
theOldTestament
ItdealsespeciallywiththerelationshipbetweengodandtheJewishpeople
3parts:
•Pentateuch(摩西五经):
Genesis创世纪Exodus出埃及记Leviticus利末记
Numbers民数记Deuteronomy申命记
•Prophets(先知书)
•Hagiographa(Writing)andApocrypha(圣录与次经)
themes
theagreementbetweenGodandtheJewishpeople.
theGod’sassurancethatHewillbewiththemandblessthemastheyfollowedhiswill.
3covenantsintheO.T.:
withNoah(Genesis9:
8-17,“rainbow”);
withAbraham(Genesis15,17e.g.descendantsasmanyasstars;“promisedland”ofCanaan);
withMoses(Exodus19-24e.g.covenantonastonetabletreceivedfromMt.Sinai,TenCommandments,etc.).
theuniquenessandgloryofGod;theLaw;God’sinfluenceonworldhistoryandnature;corporateandindividualsinandtheremedy;andtheproperwaytoworshipGod.
TheO.T.alsotellsthattheJewswereGod’schosenpeople,whichisthemainreasonfortheirspecialprotection—andtheirspecialpunishmentwhentheydidwrong.
theNewTestament
thepartofthebiblethatdealswiththelifeandteachingsofJesusChristandwithChristianityintheearlychurch.
27books:
•theFourGospels福音书
Matthew马太福音Mark马可福音
Luke路加福音John约翰福音
•theActsoftheApostles使徒行书
•theEpistles书信
•theBookofRevelation启示录
SUMMARYofGospelMessage:
JesusvoluntarilygaveupHislife.Hisshedbloodpaidthepriceforhumansinsandthusopenedthewayforanewcovenant---notonlywithAbraham,Israel,orDavid,butwithallpeopleeverywherewhowanttobe“childrenofGod.”
Thisnewcovenantdoesnotrequirethekeepingofthelawsandisnotbasedonworks,butisbasedonGod’sgracealone.EternalsalvationisfreelygivenbyHimtothosewhobelieveandhaveacceptedJesusastheirLordandSavior.
theBookofRevelation启示录
ØwrittenunderinspirationbyApostleJohnabout96A.D.ontheislandofPatmoswherehewasexiled.
Øonlyonepropheticbook(TheGreekwordforrevelationis“apokalupsis”,meaninganunveilingoruncovering.Forthisreason,thebookofRevelationisalsocalledtheApocalypse.)
ØavisionaryaccountofthefinaltriumphofGod’spurpose
Øabookofvisionsandsymbols,andtheonlybookintheNTthatconcentratesonprophecy.ItcompletesthestorybeguninGenesisofthecosmicbattlebetweengoodandevilbeingwagedonearth.Itendswithapictureofnewheavenandnewearth.
V.CoreTheologicalBeliefs
1.OriginalSins(原罪说)andredemption赎回;拯救
2.FeaturesofTrinity(三位一体)
JesusistheTrinity,namelyHolyFather(God),HolySon(Jesus),HolySpirit,
representingpower,wisdomandlove.
3.TheFinalJudgment(最后的审判)
4.Paradise
5.Hell
6.Purgatory(炼狱)
7.Mass(弥撒)aformalriteofreligiousbelief;fourlevels
8.TheSevenMortalSins
pride,avarice,lust,anger,glutton,envy,sloth
9.SevenVirtues
Caution,self-control,fortitude,fairnessfaith,hope,charity
10.TheHolyApostles(圣徒)
11.TheHolyDays(36)(圣日)
12.Excommunication(开除教籍)
1)FoundationalPrinciple:
dogood&avoidevil;loveGod,others,self;developan“informedconscience”
2)SexualMorality:
dualpurposeofsex;consistentethicoflife;humanrelationships;centralroleoffamily
3)SocialEthics:
dignityofeachperson;commongood;careofthepoor/needy;work,participation,property
JudaismandChristianitycompared:
•Jewsarestrictmonotheists:
theyviewG-dasasingle,indivisibleentity.MostChristiansviewGodasaTrinity:
asingleentitywiththreepersonalities--theFather,SonandHolySpirit.
•Jewsgenerallyconsideractionsandbehaviortobeofprimaryimportance;beliefscomeoutofactions.ThisconflictswithconservativeChristiansforwhombeliefisofprimaryimportanceandactionstendtobederivativefrombeliefs.
•JewishbeliefdoesnotaccepttheChristianconceptoforiginalsin(thebeliefthatallpeoplehaveinheritedAdamandEve’ssinwhentheydisobeyedG-d’sinstructionsintheGardenofEden).
JudaismandChristianitycompared:
•JudaismaffirmstheinherentgoodnessoftheworldanditspeopleascreationsofG-d.
•JewishbelieversareabletosanctifytheirlivesanddrawclosertoG-dbyperformingfulfillingmitzvot(divinecommandments).
•JewsdonotrecognizetheneedforasaviorasanintermediarywithG-d.
ImpactsonWesternCultureandLife
Paintings
•Michelangelo(1475-1564)[ˌmaɪkəlˈændʒɪˌləʊ]米开朗基罗
•biblicalcharacter
•HismasterpiecearethepaintingsonthewallandceilingofSistineChapel,whichcouldalsobefoundinbible.
Sculpture['ræfeiəl拉斐尔
•Raphael(1483-1520)’smasterpiecewasalsorelatedtoChristianity.Hedrewabout300pieceoftheVirginMary’spaintings.TheVirginMaryinhishandsgivespeoplethefeelingoflenient.['liːnɪənt]adj.宽大的;仁慈的
•LeonardodiserPierodaVinci(1452-1519)isoneofthemostbrilliantpeopleinhuman
history.
UniversityMottos座右铭;警句
University
Motto
Language
Translation
BrownUniversity
Indeosperanus
Latin
InGodwehope
GeorgeWashington~
DeusNobisFiducia
Latin
InGodOurTrust
Columbia~
Inluninetuovideinuslumen
Latin
Inthylightshallweseelight
Harvard~
Veritas
Latin
Truth
Yale~
Luxetveritas
Latin
Lightandtruth
Aboutsin
•Everychildthatisbornintotheworldhasaspiritualpricetagofdebthangingaroundhisorherneck.Andthattagsays,sinnerbybirth.
•Laterinlifethetagreads,sinnerbypractice.
•Theonlywaydeliverancefromtheeternaldebtwhichleadstoeternaldeathisforgodhimselftoservethesentence.
•Godhadtoshedthebloodofaninnocentlambinordertomakeatemporarycoveringfortheirsin.
Mutualassistance
•EncourageLoveandMercy
•Advocatesincerehumility,love,andcompassionforallhumanbeings.
•(thecompassionespeciallyfortheoldandorphans,
•philanthropy[fi‘lænθrəpi]慈善事业)
•joinusinbringmehope
Abriefsummaryofvaluesdiscussedabove
•thefoundationofthemodernpoliticalcivilizationisreligiousreformsandRenaissance。
•theconnotationofthelawismainlyChristianity。
•i.e.Everyoneisbornequal
somephilosopherswerealsoinfluencedbyChristianity
i.e..Hegel['heigl]黑格尔(德国古典唯心主义哲学家
Customs
•Fridaywereconsideredtobeablack-letterdayandthirteenwasnotpropitious.
•CriminalswereusedtobeputtoexecutiononFridayinEngland,sosometimeFridaywascalled“hangingday”.
Relevantfestivals
•Easterday:
复活节每年春分月圆后第一个星期日
•Halloween(万圣节前夕):
11.31万圣节allsaints’day
•Thanksgivingday:
感恩节11月第四个星期四
•Christmas:
圣诞节12.25(Christmaseve/tide_12.24-1.6)
Enlightenment启蒙运动
I.WhatIsTheEnlightenment?
●Theword“enlightenment”means“brightnessandwisdom”inFrench.
●"TheEnlightenment"istheintellectualmovementwhichisusuallyassociatedwiththe18thcentury.Thisisoneofthoserarehistoricalmovementswhichinfactnameditself.
III.thefeaturesandsources?
vthebringingof“lightintodarkcornersofthemind”,thedispellingofignoranceandsuperstitionbyutilizingcriticalreasonsandscientificmethods
vitsinsistencethateachindividualshouldreasonindependently,withoutrecoursetotheauthorityoftheschools,churches.
vtheAgeofReason
ItbaseditssourcesontheScientificRevolutioninthe17thcentury.Calileo,Kepler,Newton,Descartes
Kepler['keplə]开普勒(德国天文学家,物理学家,开普勒定律的发现者)
Descartes[dei'ka:
t]笛卡尔(法国哲学家,数学家)
Theadvanceinsciencehelpedtocreatemodernscience,philosophyandinasense,themodernworld.(methodofdeductivereasoning;directobservationofnatureandexperimentation;materialistinnature)
aprofoundchangeintheconceptionofmen’splaceintheuniverse
Astrongintellectualmovementtoprovidethenecessaryconditionsforthebourgeoisietocometopower
III.TheEnlightenmentinEurope
●THESTART——Britain:
ThomasHobbes&Locke
●THEPEAK——France:
Voltaire,Montesquieu,Rousseau&Diederot
Voltaire[vɔl'ter]伏尔泰(法国启蒙思想家、哲学家、作家、历史学家)
Montesquieu[,mɔntes'kju:
].孟德斯鸠(法国启蒙思想家)
Rousseau['ru:
səu]卢梭(法国启蒙思想家)
1.Empiricism(经验学派)inEngland
●BritishEmpiricism:
toutilizewhattheyknewoftherealitiesofnaturetoattemptanempiricalaccountof
thestructureof
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