经济英文词汇.docx

经济英文词汇.docx

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经济英文词汇

微观经济学词汇完整版

TenPrinciplesofMicroeconomics

#1:

PeopleFaceTradeoffs

#2:

TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt

#3:

RationalPeopleThinkattheMargin

#4:

PeopleRespondtoIncentives

#5:

TradeCanMakeEveryoneBetterOff

#6:

MarketsAreUsuallyaGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity

#7:

GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes

#8:

ACountry’sStandardofLivingDependsonItsAbilitytoProduceGoodsandServices

#9:

PricesRiseWhentheGovernmentPrintsTooMuchMoney

#10:

SocietyFacesaShort-RunTradeoffbetweenInflationandUnemployment

scarcity稀缺性thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources

efficiency效率thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources

equity公平thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety

opportunitycost机会成本whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem

marginalchanges边际变动smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction

marketeconomy市场经济aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices

marketfailure市场失灵asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently

externality外部性theimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander

marketpower市场势力theabilityofasingleeconomicactor（orsmallgroupofactors）tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices

productivity生产力theamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime

Phillipscurve菲利普斯曲线acurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment

circular-flowdiagram循环流向图avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms

productionpossibilitiesfrontier生产可能性边界agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology

microeconomics微观经济学thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets

macroeconomics宏观经济学thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth

positivestatements实证表述claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis

normativestatements规范表述claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe

reversecausality反向因果关系

competitivemarket竞争性市场amarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketprice

pricetakers价格接受者thosewhohavenoimpactonpricebutcanonlyaccepttheprice

Perfectlycompetitivemarkets竞争充分市场

Onesuchmarket,calledanoligopoly寡头市场,hasafewsellersthatdonotalwayscompeteaggressively

lawofdemand：

theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises

lawofsupply：

theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises

normalgood正常商品：

agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand

inferiorgood劣质商品：

agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand

substitutes替代品：

twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother

complements互补品：

twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother

demandschedule需求表：

atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded

supplyschedule：

atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied

ceterisparibus其它条件不变：

aLatinphrase,translatedas“otherthingsbeingequal,”usedasareminderthatallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant

A10percentincreaseinthepricecausesa12percentdropinteenagesmoking（这句话让我说肯定是insmokingamongteenagers）

Atanevenlowerprice,youmaychoosetogooutofbusinessaltogether（这个词的用法以前没怎么注意，此处可以翻译为“直接”）

Equilibrium均衡asituationinwhichsupplyanddemandhavebeenbroughtintobalance

equilibriumprice均衡价格thepricethatbalancessupplyanddemand

equilibriumquantity均衡数量thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedwhenthepricehasadjustedtobalancesupplyanddemand

Theequilibriumpriceissometimescalledthemarket-clearingprice市场出清价格because,atthisprice,everyoneinthemarkethasbeensatisfied:

Buyershaveboughtalltheywanttobuy,andsellershavesoldalltheywanttosell

Thereisnoupwardordownwardpressureontheprice

lawofsupplyanddemand供需法则theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthesupplyanddemandforthatgoodintobalance

shortage短缺asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied

surplus过剩asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded

Elasticity弹性ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants

priceelasticityofdemand需求的价格弹性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

incomeelasticityofdemand需求的收入弹性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome

cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉价格弹性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood

priceelasticityofsupply供给的价格弹性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice

Demandforagoodissaidtobeelasticifthequantitydemandedrespondssubstantiallytochangesintheprice.Demandissaidtobeinelasticifthequantitydemandedrespondsonlyslightlytochangesintheprice.

midpointmethod中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法

elasticdemand弹性需求

inelasticdemand非弹性需求

priceceiling最高限价alegalmaximumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold（imposeapriceceiling/floor）

pricefloor最低限价alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold

Whenthegovernmentimposesabindingpriceceilingonacompetitivemarket,ashortageofthegoodarises,andsellersmustrationthescarcegoodsamongthelargenumberofpotentialbuyers.

taxincidence税收归宿thestudyofwhobearstheburdenoftaxation

payrolltax:

工资税

Ataxburdenfallsmoreheavilyonthesideofthemarketthatislesselastic.

welfareeconomics福利经济学thestudyofhowtheallocationofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being

willingnesstopay支付意愿themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood

consumersurplus消费者剩余abuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays

producersurplus生产者剩余theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scost

marginalbuyer边际买家thebuyerwhowouldleavethemarketfirstifthepricewereanyhigher

marginalseller边际卖家thesellerwhowouldleavethemarketfirstifthepricewereanylower

efficiency效率thepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthetotalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsociety

equity公平thefairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthemembersofsociety

Insomemarkets,asinglebuyerorseller（orasmallgroupofthem）maybeabletocontrolmarketprices.Thisabilitytoinfluencepricesiscalledmarketpower市场势力.

marketfailure市场失灵—theinabilityofsomeunregulatedmarketstoallocateresourcesefficiently

deadweightloss无谓损失/社会净损失thefallintotalsurplusthatresultsfromamarketdistortion,suchasatax

Taxescausedeadweightlossesbecausetheypreventbuyersandsellersfromrealizingsomeofthegainsfromtrade.

Thegreatertheelasticitiesofsupplyanddemand,thegreaterthedeadweightlossofatax.

marginaltaxrate边际税率

undergroundeconomy地下经济

Laffercurve拉弗曲线

supply-sideeconomics供应经济学

worldprice世界价格thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood

importquota进口配额alimitonthequantityofagoodthatcanbeproducedabroadandsolddomestically

deadweightloss无谓损失/社会净损失：

是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态而引起的社会成本,也就是当偏离竞争均衡时,所损失的消费者剩余和生产者剩余。

externality外部性：

一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害或有益的影响

positiveexternality正外部性：

一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有益影响

negativeexternality负外部性：

一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害影响

socialcost社会成本：

是从社会角度来看的成本，等于生产成本加上给他人和社会所带来的损失

internalizinganexternality外部性内化alteringincentivessothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions

technologyspillover技术外溢：

指外商投资、跨国贸易等对东道国相关产业或企业的产品开发技术、生产技术、管理技术、营销技术等产生的提升效应

technologypolicy技术政策Governmentinterventionintheeconomythataims

topromotetechnology-enhancingindustriesiscalledtechnologypolicy

propertyright财产权

Coasetheorem科斯定理thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown

transactioncosts交易成本thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingandfollowingthroughonabargain

Command-and-controlpolicies（命令-控制性政策）regulatebehaviordirectly

Market-basedpolicies（市场性政策）provideincentivessothatprivatedecisionmakerswillchoosetosolvetheproblemontheirown

Pigoviantax庇古税ataxenactedtocorrecttheeffectsofanegativeexternality

Ifyouhaveeverbeenstuckinbumper-to-bumpertraffic

Tradablepollutionpermits可转让污染许可证

Righttopollute/pollutionright污染权

Amoment’sthought（稍作思考）revealsalonglistofgoodsthatthesongwritercouldhavehadinmind

Excludability排他性thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit

Rivalry竞争性thepro