16年职称英语理工B押题整理带翻译.docx
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16年职称英语理工B押题整理带翻译.docx
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16年职称英语理工B押题整理带翻译
TheApgarTest
Thebabywasbornat3:
36p.m.At3:
37,shescored4outof10onherfirsttest.At3:
41,shescored8outof10.Thedoctorwasglad.
Anotherbaby,bornat8:
24p.m.,scored3outof10onhisfirsttest.Hescored4outof10onhissecondtest.Hetookanothertestat8:
34andscored5.Thedoctorwasworried.Hecalledforhelp.
ThesenewbornbabiestookatestcalledtheApgartest.Thistesthelpsdoctorsdiagnoseproblems.Theydecideifababyisnormalorneedsspecialcare.Mostbabiestaketwotests.Thefirstisat1minuteafterbirth,andthesecondisat5minutesafterbirth.Ifababy’sscoreat5minutesislessthan6,thebabytakesanothertestat10minutesafterbirth.
TheApgartestisnotanintelligencetest.It’satestthatshowsababy’shealthrightafteritisborn.TheApgartestmeasuresthingssuchasababy’scolor,heartrate,andbreathing.Thetesthasfiveparts,andthescoreforeachpartcanbe0,1,or2.DoctorsaddthescorestogetherforthetotalApgarscore.
AdoctornamedVirginiaApgardevelopedthetest.ApgarwenttomedicalschoolatColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkCityin1929.Shefacedmanychallengesbecauseshewasthefirstwomanintheprogram.However,shewasoneofthebeststudentsinherclass.Aftermedicalschool,shestartedtreatingpatients2.
Apgaralsobecamearesearcherinanesthesiology,anewtopicinmedicineatthetime3.Duringherstudies,shelearnedhowtogivepatientsanesthesia.Anesthesiaisaprocedurethatmakespatientsloseconsciousness,sotheydonotfeelanypainduringsurgery.
Inthe1940s,manywomenstartedtohaveanesthesiawhentheygavebirth.Apgarhadaquestion:
Howdoesanesthesiaaffectnewbornbabies?
In1949,whenApgarwasaprofessoratColumbia’smedicalschool,shecreatedhersimpletest.Shewroteapaperabouthermethodsin1953.Soonafter,peoplestartedusingtheApgartestaroundtheworld.
Inherwork,Apgarsawthatmanynewbornshadproblems.Shewantedtohelpthesebabiessurvive.Shestoppedpracticingmedicinein1959,andshewentbacktoschooltogetamaster’sdegreeinpublichealth.Shespenttherestofherlifedoingresearchandraisingmoneytohelpnewbornbabies.
Today,theApgartestisstillusedallovertheworld.Newbornbabiesdon’tknowit,butVirginiaApgarisaveryimportantpersoninthefirstfewminutesoftheirlives.
阿普加测试
下午3:
36,一个婴儿出生了。
3:
37时,她的第一次健康测试成绩是4分(总分10分)。
3:
41时,她的成绩是8分,医生感到非常高兴。
另一天晚上8:
24,另外一个婴儿出生了。
他的第一次测试成绩是3分,第二次成绩是4分。
8:
34时又进行了一次测试,成绩是5分。
医生非常担心,这个婴儿需要救助。
这些新生儿进行的是一项叫作阿普加的测试。
这项测试帮助医生诊断新生儿的问题,他们根据测试成绩判断新生儿是正常的还是需要特殊护理。
大多数的婴儿会接受两次测试。
第一次是在出生后1分钟,第二次是在出生后5分钟。
如果婴儿在第二次测试中的成绩少于6分,那他们需要在出生10分钟后再进行一次测试。
阿普加测试不是一项智力测试。
它是一项在婴儿出生后表明其健康状况的测试。
这项测试会测量诸如婴儿的皮肤颜色、心率、呼吸一类的项目,总共包括五部分,每一部分的成绩可以是0分、1分或2分。
医生把每一部分的成绩加起来就是这项测试的总分。
一位名叫弗吉尼亚·阿普加的医生设计了这项测试。
1929年,阿普加去纽约的哥伦比亚大学医学院就读。
由于是这个学科里的第一位女性,使她面临了许多挑战。
然而,她却是班上最好的学生之一。
完成医学院的学业后,她开始给患者治疗。
阿普加还是麻醉学方面的研究者,当时麻醉学是一项新的医学课题。
在求学过程中,她学会了如何给患者实施麻醉。
麻醉会使病人失去意识,因而他们在手术过程中不会感到任何疼痛。
20世纪40年代,许多妇女在分娩时开始使用麻醉。
但阿普加有个疑问:
麻醉是如何影响新生儿的呢?
1949年,当阿普加在哥伦比亚医学院担任教授时,她创造了这项简单测试。
1953年,她写了一篇关于该测试方法的论文。
不久之后,人们开始在世界范围内使用阿普加测试。
在工作中,阿普加发现许多新生儿都有健康问题。
她想帮助这些新生儿活下来。
1959年,她中止了行医,回到学校攻读公共卫生硕士学位。
她把自己的余生都奉献给了医学研究以及筹集资金帮助新生儿。
今天,阿普加测试仍然在全世界范围内被广泛运用。
虽然新生儿们并不知道,但弗吉尼亚·阿普加却是他们生命的前几分钟里非常重要的一个人。
*第十篇TheBiologyofMusic
Humansusemusicasapowerfulwaytocommunicate.Itmayalsoplayanimportantroleinlove.Butwhatismusic,andhowdoesitworkitsmagic?
Sciencedoesnotyethavealltheanswers.
Whataretwothingsthatmakehumansdifferentfromanimals?
Oneislanguage,andtheotherismusic.Itistruethatsomeanimalscansing(andmanybirdssingbetterthanalotofpeople).However,thesongsofanimals,suchasbirdsandwhales,areverylimited.Itisalsotruethathumans,notanimals,havedevelopedmusicalinstruments.1
Musicisstrangestuff.Itisclearlydifferentfromlanguage.However,peoplecanusemusictocommunicatethings—especiallytheiremotions.Whenmusiciscombinedwithspeechinasong,itisaverypowerfulformofcommunication.But,biologicallyspeaking,whatismusic?
Ifmusicistrulydifferentfromspeech,thenweshouldprocessmusicandlanguageindifferentpartsofthebrain.Thescientificevidencesuggeststhatthisistrue.
Sometimespeoplewhosufferbraindamagelosetheirabilitytoprocesslanguage.However,theydon’tautomaticallylosetheirmusicalabilities.Forexample,VissarionShebalin,aRussiancomposer,hadastrokein1953.Itinjuredtheleftsideofhisbrain.Hecouldnolongerspeakorunderstandspeech.Hecould,however,stillcomposemusicuntilhisdeathtenyearslater.Ontheotherhand,sometimesstrokescausepeopletolosetheirmusicalability,buttheycanstillspeakandunderstandspeech.Thisshowsthatthebrainprocessesmusicandlanguageseparately.
Bystudyingthephysicaleffectsofmusiconthebody,scientistshavealsolearnedalotabouthowmusicinfluencestheemotions.Butwhydoesmusichavesuchastrongeffectonus?
Thatisaharderquestiontoanswer.GeoffreyMiller,aresearcheratUniversityCollege,London,thinksthatmusicandlovehaveastrongconnection.Musicrequiresspecialtalent,practice,andphysicalability.That’swhyitmaybeawayofshowingyourfitnesstobesomeone’smate.Forexample,singingintuneorplayingamusicalinstrumentrequiresfinemuscularcontrol.Youalsoneedagoodmemorytorememberthenotes.Andplayingorsingingthosenotescorrectlysuggeststhatyourhearingisinexcellentcondition.Finally,whenamansingstothewomanheloves(orviceversa),itmaybeawayofshowingoff.
However,Miller’stheorystilldoesn’texplainwhycertaincombinationsofsoundsinfluenceouremotionssodeeply.Forscientists,thisisclearlyanareathatneedsfurtherresearch.
第八篇WhatIsaDream?
Forcenturies,peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Somepsychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecialmeaning.Others,however,thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact,manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutaperson’smindandemotions.
Beforemoderntimes,manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.Itwasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.
TheAustrianpsychologist,SigmundFreud1,wasprobablythefirstpersontostudydreamsscientifically.Inhisfamousbook,TheinterpretationofDreams(1900),Freudwrotethatdreamsareanexpressionofaperson’swishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthefeelings,thoughts,andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.
TheSwisspsychiatristCarlJung2wasonceastudentofFreud’s.Jung,however,hadadifferentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample,peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemselves.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.
Modern-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample,psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,believesthatdreamsaretightlylinkedtoaperson’sdailylife,thoughts,andbehavior.Acriminal,forexample,mightdreamaboutcrime.
Domhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff,dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.
Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsandgender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwomenaredifferent.Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.3Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefrom11culturesaroundtheworld,includingbothmodernandtraditionalones.
Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves?
Psychologistscontinuetotrytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However,onethingtheyagreeonthis:
Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur,youshouldn’tpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning,butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.It’simportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.
第十篇WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage
1Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.AchimpanzeenamedWashoeandborninAfricadied
ofnaturalcauseslatelastmonthattheageof42ataresearchcenterintheAmericanstateofWashington.Washoehadbecomeknowninthescientificcommunity1andaroundtheworldforherabilitytouseAmericanSign
Language2.Shewassaidtobethefirstnon-humantolearnahumanlanguage.Herskillsalsoledtodebate3aboutprimatesandtheirabilitytounderstandlanguage.
2ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesignlanguagein1966.In1969,theGardners7describedWashoe’sprogressinascientificreport.ThepeoplewhoexperimentedwithWashoesaidshegrewtounderstand4about250words.Forexample,Washoemadesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.Shecouldrequestfoodslikeapplesandbananas.Shealsoaskedquestionslike,“Whoiscomingtoplay?
”Once5thenewsaboutWashoespread,manylanguagescientistsbeganstudiesoftheirown6intothisnewandexcitingareaofresearch.Thewholedirectionofprimateresearchchanged.
3However,criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovementsfromwatchingherteachers.Theysaidshehadneverdevelopedtruelanguageskills.Evennow,therearesomeresearch
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