外文翻译java设计和zOS的开发应用.docx
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外文翻译java设计和zOS的开发应用.docx
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外文翻译java设计和zOS的开发应用
Designinganddevelopingapplicationsforz/OS
8.1Applicationdesignersandprogrammers
Thetasksofdesigninganapplicationanddevelopingonearedistinctenoughtotreateachinaseparatetextbook.Inlargerz/OSsites,separatedepartmentsmightbeusedtocarryouteachtask.Thischapterprovidesanoverviewofthesejobrolesandshowshoweachskillfitsintotheoverallviewofatypicalapplicationdevelopmentlifecycleonz/OS.Theapplicationdesignerisresponsiblefordeterminingthebestprogrammingsolutionforanimportantbusinessrequirement.Thesuccessofanydesigndependsinpartonthedesigner’sknowledgeofthebusinessitself,awarenessofotherrolesinthemainframeorganizationsuchasprogramminganddatabasedesign,andunderstandingofthebusiness’shardwareandsoftware.Inshort,thedesignermusthaveaglobalviewoftheentireproject.Anotherroleinvolvedinthisprocessisthebusinesssystemsanalyst.Thispersonisresponsibleforworkingwithusersinaparticulardepartment(accounting,sales,productioncontrol,manufacturing,andsoon)toidentifybusinessneedsfortheapplication.Liketheapplicationdesigner,thebusinesssystemsanalystrequiresabroadunderstandingoftheorganization’sbusinessgoals,andthecapabilitiesoftheinformationsystem.Theapplicationdesignergathersrequirementsfrombusinesssystemsanalystsandendusers.ThedesigneralsodetermineswhichITresourceswillbeavailabletosupporttheapplication.Theapplicationdesignerthenwritesthedesignspecificationsfortheapplicationprogrammerstoimplement.
Theapplicationprogrammerisresponsiblefordevelopingandmaintainingapplicationprograms.Thatis,theprogrammerbuilds,tests,anddeliverstheapplicationprogramsthatrunonthemainframefortheendusers.Basedontheapplicationdesigner’sspecifications,theprogrammerconstructsanapplicationprogramusingavarietyoftools.Thebuildprocessincludesmanyiterationsofcodechangesandcompiles,applicationbuilds,andunittesting.Duringthedevelopmentprocess,thedesignerandprogrammermustinteractwithotherrolesintheenterprise.Theprogrammer,forexample,oftenworksonateamofotherprogrammerswhoarebuildingcodeforrelatedapplicationmodules.Whentheapplicationmodulesarecompleted,theyarepassedthroughatestingprocessthatcanincludefunctional,integration,andsystemtests.Followingthistestingprocess,theapplicationprogramsmustbeacceptance-testedbytheusercommunitytodeterminewhetherthecodeactuallyaccomplisheswhattheusersdesire.Besidescreatingnewapplicationcode,theprogrammerisresponsibleformaintainingandenhancingthecompany’sexistingmainframeapplications.Infact,thisisfrequentlytheprimaryjobformanyapplicationprogrammersonthemainframetoday.WhilemanymainframeinstallationsstillcreatenewprogramswithCOBOLorPL/I,languagessuchasJavahavebecomepopularforbuildingnewapplicationsonthemainframe,justasondistributedplatforms.
8.2Designinganapplicationforz/OS
Duringtheearlydesignphases,theapplicationdesignermakesdecisionsregardingthecharacteristicsoftheapplication.Thesedecisionsarebasedonmanycriteria,whichmustbegatheredandexaminedindetailtoarriveatasolutionthatisacceptabletotheuser.Thedecisionsarenotindependentofeachother,inthatonedecisionwillhaveanimpactonothersandalldecisionsmustbemadetakingintoaccountthescopeoftheprojectanditsconstraints.Designinganapplicationtorunonz/OSsharesmanyofthestepsfollowedfordesigninganapplicationtorunonotherplatforms,includingthedistributedenvironment.z/OS,however,introducessomespecialconsiderations.Thischapterprovidessomeexamplesofthedecisionsthatthez/OSapplicationdesignermakesduringthedesignprocessforagivenapplication.Thelistisnotmeanttobeexhaustive,butrathertogiveyouanideaoftheprocessinvolved:
_“Designingforz/OS:
Batchoronline?
”onpage258
_“Designingforz/OS:
Datasourcesandaccessmethods”onpage258
_“Designingforz/OS:
Availabilityandworkloadrequirements”onpage258
_“Designingforz/OS:
Exceptionhandling”onpage259
Beyondthesedecisions,otherfactorsthatmightinfluencethedesignofaz/OSapplicationmightincludethechoiceofoneormoreprogramminglanguagesanddevelopmentenvironments.Otherconsiderationsdiscussedinthischapterincludethefollowing:
_Usingmainframecharactersetsin“UsingtheEBCDICcharacterset”onpage265.
_Useofaninteractivedevelopmentenvironment(IDE)in“Usingapplicationdevelopmenttools”onpage267.
_WediscussdifferencesbetweenthevariousprogramminglanguagesinChapter9,“Usingprogramminglanguagesonz/OS”onpage275.Keepinmindthatthebestdesignsarethosethatstartwiththeendresultinmind.Wemustknowwhatitisthatwearestrivingforbeforewestarttodesign.
8.2.1Designingforz/OS:
Batchoronline?
Whendesigninganapplicationforz/OSandthemainframe,akeyconsiderationiswhethertheapplicationwillrunasabatchprogramoranonlineprogram.Insomecases,thedecisionisobvious,butmostapplicationscanbedesignedtofiteitherparadigm.How,then,doesthedesignerdecidewhichapproachtouse?
Reasonsforusingbatchoronline:
_Reasonsforusingbatch
–Dataisstoredontape.
–Transactionsaresubmittedforovernightprocessing.
–Userdoesnotrequireonlineaccesstodata.
_Reasonsforusingonline:
–Userrequiresonlineaccesstodata.
–Highresponsetimerequirements.
8.2.2Designingforz/OS:
Datasourcesandaccessmethods
Here,thedesigner’sconsiderationstypicallyincludethefollowing:
_Whatdatamustbestored?
_Howwillthedatabeaccessed?
Thisincludesachoiceofaccessmethod.
_Aretherequestsadhocorpredictable?
_WillwechoosePDS,VSAM,oradatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS)suchasDB2?
8.2.3Designingforz/OS:
Availabilityandworkloadrequirements
Foranapplicationthatwillrunonz/OS,thedesignermustbeabletoanswerthefollowingquestions:
_Whatisthequantityofdatatostoreandaccess?
_Isthereaneedtosharethedata?
_Whataretheresponsetimerequirements?
_Whatarethecostconstraintsoftheproject?
_Howmanyuserswillaccesstheapplicationatonce?
Whatistheavailabilityrequirementoftheapplication(24hoursaday7daysaweekor8:
00AMto5:
00PMweekdays,andsoon)?
8.2.4Designingforz/OS:
Exceptionhandling
Arethereanyunusualconditionsthatmightoccur?
Ifso,weneedtoincorporatetheseinourdesigninordertopreventfailuresinthefinalapplication.Wecannotalwaysassume,forexample,thatinputwillalwaysbeenteredasexpected.
8.3Applicationdevelopmentlifecycle:
Anoverview
Anapplicationisacollectionofprogramsthatsatisfiescertainspecificrequirements(resolvescertainproblems).Thesolutioncouldresideonanyplatformorcombinationofplatforms,fromahardwareoroperatingsystempointofview.Aswithotheroperatingsystems,applicationdevelopmentonz/OSisusuallycomposedofthefollowingphases:
_Designphase
–Gatherrequirements.User,hardwareandsoftwarerequirements
–Performanalysis.
–Developthedesigninitsvariousiterations:
–High-leveldesign
–Detaileddesign
–Handoverthedesigntoapplicationprogrammers.
_Codeandtestapplication.
_Performusertests.
Usertestsapplicationforfunctionalityandusability.
_Performsystemtests.
–Performintegrationtest(testapplicationwithotherprogramstoverifythat
allprogramscontinuetofunctionasexpected).
–Performperformance(volume)testusingproductiondata.
_Goproduction—handofftooperations.
Ensurethatalldocumentationisinplace(usertraining,operationprocedures).
_Maintenancephase—ongoingday-to-daychangesandenhancementstoapplication.
Figure8-1showstheprocessflowduringthevariousphasesoftheapplicationdevelopmentlifecycle.Figure8-2depictsthedesignphaseuptothepointofstartingdevelopment.
Oncealloftherequirementshavebeengathered,analyzed,verified,andadesignhasbeenproduced,wearereadytopassontheprogrammingTheprogrammerstakethedesigndocuments(programmingrequirements)andthenproceedwiththeiterativeprocessofcoding,testing,revising,andtestingagain,asweseeinFigure8-3.Aftertheprogramshavebeentestedbytheprogrammers,theywillbepartofaseriesofformaluserandsystemtests.Theseareusedtoverifyusabilityandfunctionalityfromauserpointofview,aswellastoverifythefunctionsoftheapplicationwithinalargerframework(Figure8-4).Thefinalphaseinthedevelopmentlifecycleistogotoproductionandbecomesteadystate.Asaprerequisitetogoingtoproduction,thedevelopmentteamneedstoprovidedocumentation.Thisusuallyconsistsofusertrainingandoperationalprocedures.Theusertrainingfamiliarizestheuserswiththenewapplication.
TheoperationalproceduresdocumentationenablesOperationstotakeoverresponsibilityforrunningtheapplicationonanongoingbasis.Inproduction,thechangesandenhancementsarehandledbyagroup(possiblythesameprogramminggroup)thatperformsthemaintenance.Atthispointinthelifecycleoftheapplication,changesaretightlycontrolledandmustberigorouslytestedbeforebeingimplementedintoproduction(Figure8-5).Asmentionedbefore,tomeetuserrequirementsorsolveproblems,anapplicationsolutionmightbedesignedtoresideonanyplatformoracombinationofplatforms.AsshowninFigure8-6,ourspecificapplicationcanbelocatedinanyofthethreeenvironments:
Internet,enterprisenetwork,orcentralsite.Theoperati
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