新概念英语第四册笔记大全.docx
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新概念英语第四册笔记大全.docx
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新概念英语第四册笔记大全
L1Findingfossilman
Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas----legendshanded
downfromonegenerationofstorytellerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.
Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom.
Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.
Newwordsandexpressions
recount/ri'kaunt/v.叙述/'rei'kaunt/再数一次
record/'rek[d//ri'kC:
d/第一个音节带重音,名前动后
叙述:
recount:
emotionless重复
describe
depict:
alittleemotional
narrate:
temporal&spacial根据时间或空间顺序描述。
portray:
描述
saga/'sa:
g[/n.英雄故事描述的内容mostlyreal北欧海盗活动的故事
legend/'ledV[nd/n.传说,传奇unreale.grobinhood
anthropologist/'AnWr['pCl[dVist/n.人类学家
anthrop:
人
philosophere:
philo+sopher|爱+智慧=哲学家
philanthropist:
慈善家(对人有爱心的人)
anthropology:
人类学
带-gy结尾的都是学科:
biology生物学geography地理学ecology生态学
remote/ri'm[ut/n.遥远
ancestor/'Ansest[/n.祖先
an-在前面
forefather,forebear,predecessor祖先
rot/rCt/v.烂掉
leavemerot.=leavemealong
rottodeath.
soonripe,soonrotten.
decay国家民族逐渐衰亡decompose逐渐衰竭deteriorate关系逐渐恶化
trace/treis/n.痕迹,踪迹
tracetheproblem
ifollowyourtrace=ifollowwhereyougo
polynesia波利尼西亚
poly-多
polyandric:
awifewithmorethanonehusband
polygeny:
ahusbandwithmorethanonewife
flint/flint/n.燧石flintinghearted
fossil/'fCsl/n.化石cobble鹅卵石
readof读到
谈到:
speakof,talkof,knowof,hearof
neareast:
近东mediterranean,southeurope,northafric
fareast
非限定性从句,表原因
oral(spoken)languageisearlierthanwrittenlanguage.
precede:
什么在什么之前,不用比较,直接跟名词
counterpart:
twothingsortwopeoplehavethesameposition
oral(spoken)languageisearlierthanwrittencounterpart.
preserve:
保留,保存(腌制)
如果句中有only,那后面的表语结构就要用todosth,而不是doingsth.
storyteller:
讲故事的人
fortuneteller,palmreader:
算命先生
migration:
移民1)migrant2)immigrant
v.migrate:
迁移,迁徙
migratorybird:
候鸟
none:
nobody
people+s民族
iftheyhadany:
即便是有
hisrelatives,ifhehadany,neverwenttovisithimwhenhewashospitalized.
findout千方百计,费尽周折=explore
modernmen:
themenwhowerelikeourselves
however-anywhereyouwant,加逗号
but,yet-不加标点,onlyatthebeginningofthesentence
therefore-自由
so-自由
tool:
小工具
instrument:
实验器械
equipment:
设备
shape:
成型;教育,改造
mayalsohave:
表推测
peel:
果皮
leather:
皮革
hide:
兽皮cowhide:
牛皮
without(any)trace:
无影无踪
L2Sparethatspider
Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?
Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossible.forustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorour
belongings.
Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglanceforaspideralwayshaseightlegsandaninsectnevermorethansix.
Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?
OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre,thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.
T.H.GILLESPIESparethatSpiderfromTheListener
Newwordsandexpressionsflocksandherds牛群和羊群
/flCk/thebirdsofthesamefeatherflocktogether.物以类聚,人以群分
youarethesameflock.也可指人
herd多指牛群cowherdcowboy
throngandcrowdswarm
owevt.感激欠ioweyou.ioweyouabigfavor.欠issue
obligeindebtappreciate----常用口语词正式:
gratefulthankful
beastn兽形容人野蛮无比,不能用animal形容
creature可以指小孩,女人,不用于男性.
Fraction小部分分数,小数afractionofricewillsuffice
onone'sbehalf代表...利益
I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你好 on behalf of somebody /something
e.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of =represent
authority /C:
'WCriti/ n.权威 authorize批准 authoritative权威性的 authoritarian独裁的
-tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator独裁者 dictatorial独裁的
authorities 1.权威(可单数可复数) 2.当局(复数)
census /sens[s/ n.统计数据 the fifth national population census. censor审查
censorious 挑剔的,挑刺的
acre /'eik[/ n.英亩 1acre=4047square meters
football pitch 足球场 football yard football court football field
be content with 满足于 满足作表语,不能出现定语结构
He is content with status quo.
contented heart :
心满意足的人
spare /spZ[/ v. 不伤害,宽恕 spare me He doesn't spare himself.
I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts:
不遗余力作什么)
Notes on the text
why, you may wonder-you may wonder why插入语 先不管插入语,弄清句子结构
you may wonder why spiders should be our friends?
插入语位置不固定
why以疑问句 开头
why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings.
why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.
destroy程度比damage要重得多,片甲不留,消灭光
tear into pieces
greatest enemies:
天敌 dying enemy crying enemy
dear enemy
human race:
人的种族,一般不加复数,表示一个总称词
impossible 和possible 永远不要以人开头
It is impossible for somebody to do something.
likely可以以人做主语。
i am likely to go. probable 也不以人做主语
they would表示假设
devour狼吞虎咽devour the food
make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book
it虚拟语气 前面是主句,下面是条件句
前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时
If it were not for:
如果这不是因为
I would not survive if it were not for his timely help.
but for 一定是虚拟语气 =if it were not for
owe感激,欠 i owe you.
引出主题
all of them put together:
把他们堆到一起 谓语动词是kill
destroyed后置定语,重心转到spider
L3Mattonhorn
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariably the background was the same:
dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.
New words and expressions
1、 alpinist(1.1)/'$lpinist/n.登山运动员
climber mountaineer
词根:
alp- Alps(1.16)/$lps/ n.阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj.阿尔卑斯山的
2、 attain(1.4)/+'tein/ v.到达
to get to
to arrive at/in
to attain one's goal=realize
to attain the top/peak/summit 达到顶点
attain youth 永葆青春
attainment (n) attainments 成就 accomplishment
3、perilous(1.5)/'peril+s/adj.危险的 peril (随时可能出现的)危险
avalanche雪崩
4、shudder (1.5)/'M)d+/ v.不寒而栗
shudder:
quick and sudden
tremble:
long and very obvious
quiver:
excitement ,maybe cold
shiver:
cold and nervous
5、 go out of one's way 专门 by the way 顺路 too much for me 受不起
6、 court (multiple meanings 多义词)
1) 朝廷 朝臣courtier
2) courteous彬彬有礼的
3) 法庭
4) 娱乐场 足球场soccer/football court高尔夫球场golf court
5) 追求
6) 招致 骄兵必败pride courts failure
7、 solitary(1.6)/'s&lrt+ri/adj.唯一的
sol-独 solo独唱 独奏
solitude 孤独
I live in solitude.=I live a lonely life.
8、 pioneer(1.2)/?
pai+'n+/ v.开辟,倡导;n.先锋,开辟者
9、 impoverish(11.9-10)/$m'p&v+rM/v.使贫困 poor(口语词)
罗素名言:
A great many man will cheerfully face inpoverishment if they can secure complete
ruin for their rival,hence present level of taxation.
许多人会高兴的面对贫困,如果他们能使对手落魄,因此出现了现在的税收水平。
10、coarse(1.12)/k&:
s/adj.粗劣的
coarse throat 嗓子哑
sore throat
嗓子发炎
coarse fare 粗粮
refined fair细粮
coarse and refined
in a coarse manner粗暴无礼
11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v.自恃有
用法:
以人作主语,夸耀;以物作主语,拥有
He boasted that of his knowledge.
The center boasts a team of hig
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