北语20春《阅读IV》作业1正确答案.docx
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北语20春《阅读IV》作业1正确答案.docx
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北语20春《阅读IV》作业1正确答案
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)1:
Thefullletterreads____follows.
A:
like
B:
as
C:
that
D:
which
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
B
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)2:
Noonecanavoid____byadvertisements.
A:
influenced
B:
influencing
C:
toinfluence
D:
beinginfluenced
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
D
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)3:
Thedefinitionleaves____fordisagreement.
A:
asmallroom
B:
muchroom
C:
greatdealroom
D:
notsobigaroom
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
B
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)4:
Tomakeupanobjectivetest,theteacherwritesaseriesofquestions,____hasonlyonecorrectanswer.
A:
someofwhich
B:
eachofwhich
C:
which
D:
that
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
B
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)5:
____tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.
A:
Hardlyhadhebegun
B:
Nosoonerhadhebegun
C:
Notuntilhebegan
D:
Scarcelydidhebegin
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
A
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)6:
Awomanandthreechildrenaresaid____inthetrafficaccident.
A:
tobeinjured
B:
tohavebeeninjured
C:
havingbeeninjured
D:
beinginjured
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
B
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)7:
Fromthemomentthatananimalisbornithastomakedecisions.Ithastodecidewhichofthethingsarounditareforeating,andwhicharetobeavoided;whentoattackandwhentorunaway.Theanimalis,ineffect,playingacomplicatedandpotentiallyverydangerousgamewithitsenvironment,discomfortordestruction.
Thisisadifficultandunpleasantbusinessandfewanimalswouldsurviveiftheyhadtostartfromthebeginningandlearnabouttheworldwhollybytrialanderror,fortherearetoomanypossibledecisionswhichwouldprovefatal.Sowefind,inpractice,thatthegameisalwaysarrangedinfavoroftheyounganimalinonewayoranother.Eithertheanimalisprotectedduringtheearlystagesofitslearningabouttheworldaroundit,ortheknowledgeofwhichwaytorespondisbuiltintoitsnervoussystemfromthestart.
Thefactthatanimalsbehavesensiblycanbeattributedpartlytowhatwemightcallgeneticlearning,todistinguishitfromindividuallearningthatananimaldoesinthecauseofitsownlifetime.Geneticlearningislearningbyaspeciesasawhole,anditisachievedbyselectionofthosemembersofeachgenerationthathappentobehaveintherightway.However,geneticlearningdependsuponapredictionthatthefuturewillmoreorlessexactlyresemblethepast.Themorevariableindividualexperienceislikelytobe,thelessefficientisgeneticlearningasameansofgettingovertheproblemsofthesurvivalgame.Itisnotsurprisingtofindthatveryfewspeciesindeeddependwhollyupongeneticlearning.Inthegreatmajorityofanimals,behaviorisacompoundofindividualexperienceandgeneticlearningtobehaveinparticularways.
Question:
Concerningtherelationshipbetweengeneticlearningandindividualexperience,whichofthefollowingisright?
A:
Theyareirrelevanttoeachother.
B:
Theyarecontradictory,butindividualexperienceisthedominant.
C:
Geneticlearningislikelytofunctionmoreifindividualexperiencedoesn'tvarymuch.
D:
Geneticlearningismoreefficientthanindividualexperience.
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
C
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)8:
Butforwater,people____notliveontheearth.
A:
can
B:
willbeableto
C:
make
D:
could
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
D
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)9:
Annwasnotcarefulenough;____shewouldn'thavemadesuchasillymistake.
A:
neverthless
B:
however
C:
otherwise
D:
although
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
C
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)10:
You____readthatarticleifyoudon'twantto.
A:
haven't
B:
can't
C:
mustn't
D:
needn't
ÕýÈ·´ð°¸:
D
(µ¥Ñ¡Ìâ)11:
Fromthemomentthatananimalisbornithastomakedecisions.Ithastodecidewhichofthethingsarounditareforeating,andwhicharetobeavoided;whentoattackandwhentorunaway.Theanimalis,ineffect,playingacomplicatedandpotentiallyverydangerousgamewithitsenvironment,discomfortordestruction.
Thisisadifficultandunpleasantbusinessandfewanimalswouldsurviveiftheyhadtostartfromthebeginningandlearnabouttheworldwhollybytrialanderror,fortherearetoomanypossibledecisionswhichwouldprovefatal.Sowefind,inpractice,thatthegameisalwaysarrangedinfavoroftheyounganimalinonewayoranother.Eithertheanimalisprotectedduringtheearlystagesofitslearningabouttheworldaroundit,ortheknowledgeofwhichwaytorespondisbuiltintoitsnervoussystemfromthestart.
Thefactthatanimalsbehavesensiblycanbeattributedpartlytowhatwemightcallgeneticlearning,todistinguishitfromindividuallearningthatananimaldoesinthecauseofitsownlifetime.Geneticlearningislearningbyaspeciesasawhole,anditisachievedbyselectionofthosemembersofeachgenerationthathappentobehaveintherightway.However,geneticlearningdependsuponapredictionthatthefuturewillmoreorlessexactlyresemblethepast.Themorevariableindividualexperienceislikelytobe,thelessefficientisgeneticlearningasameansofgettingovertheproblemsofthesurvivalgame.Itisnotsurprising
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