写作考试 Summary Writing.docx
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写作考试 Summary Writing.docx
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写作考试SummaryWriting
SUMMARYWRITING
⏹Definitionandcharacteristics
⏹Stepsinwritingasummary
⏹Howtowriteasummary
⏹WritingPractice
1.WhatIsSummary?
⏹Asummaryisashortenedpassage,whichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginal.Itisafairlybriefrestatement---inyourownwords---ofthecontentsofapassage.
⏹Note:
Yousimplyreportbackwhatthewriterhassaid,withoutmakingvaluejudgments.
2.Characteristicsofagoodsummary
⏹Briefness
Omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.(length:
1/4-1/3oforiginaltext)
⏹Completeness
toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyourownwordsinacondensedmanner
⏹Coherence
ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrase,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.
⏹Objectivity
tocontainonlytheideasorinformationoftheoriginal.Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.
SomeUsefulExpressionsofTransition
Ononehand,…….Ontheotherhand,……
Onereasonis……Anotherreasonis……Stillanotherreasonis……Thefinalreasonis……
Tobeginwith,……What’smore,……Inaddition,……Finally,……
Inshort,
Fromwhatismentionedabove,wecancometotheconclusionthat….
3.StepsinWritingaSummary
⏹Readthearticle
1).Dividethearticleintosectionsofideas.Eachsectiondealswithoneaspectofthecentraltheme.
2).Label(classify)eachsectionwithageneralphrasethatcapturesthesubjectmatterofthesection.
3).Highlightorunderlinethemainideaandkeypoints
Topic:
_________
Outlines:
1.________a…..b…..c.….
2.________3.________
⏹Beginwithapropercitationofthetitle,author,source,dateofpublicationandthemainideaofthearticlesummarized.
⏹Writeaccordingtoyouroutlines.
⏹Usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas.
⏹Compresssupportingdetails
1).Omitthedetails
2).Reducetheexamples
3).Simplifythedescriptions
4).Eliminateallrepetitions
5).Compresswordysentencesandchangeclausesorsentencestophrasesandphrasestowords.
6).Usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords
7).Usetheshortestpossibletransitions
8).Avoidfigurative(比喻的)language
9).Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech
BeginningaSummary
⏹Beginyoursummarywith
1.Theauthor’sname
2.Thearticle’sorchapter’sname
3.Theauthor’sthesisstatement--ageneraloverview(survey概述)ofthearticle
TheOpeningSentence:
e.g. Inthefeature(特写;专题)article"FourKindsofReading,"theauthor,DonaldHall,explainshisopinionaboutdifferenttypesofreading.
TheBody:
Firstofall,theauthordescribes…………
Hethenpointsoutthat……
Inaddition,theauthortalksabout…..
Finally,theauthorsuggests…………….
Someotherintroductoryphrases
1.(Theauthor)statesin(thisarticle)that...
2.(Theauthor,in(thisarticle)showsthat...
3.In(thisarticle),(theauthor)writesthat...
4.As(theauthor)saysin(thisarticle),...
5.Themainideaof(theauthor'sarticle)is
6.Theauthorbelieves(holds;maintains;claims;argues;pointsout;suggests;proposes)that+clause
7.Theauthortalksabout(explains;describes;reveals;discusses;focuseson)+n.
写作提示Howtousetransitionalwordsorphrasescorrectly
Inordertoorganizeagoodparagraphorcomposition,youshouldlearntousetransitions(转换词)properly.Whenarunnerinarelayracepasseshiswand(接力棒)toanotherteammember,histeamkeepsmovingahead.Whenawriterusestransitions,hekeepshisideasmovingahead.
Transitionsarewordsorphrasesthatjoinoneideatoanother.Theyaddcoherence(连贯性)towritingbyjoiningideastogether.Youcanwritegoodparagraphsbyusingtransitionscorrectly.
Transitionsplacedinsentenceswithinaparagraphmakeiteasierforareadertofollowthemovementofanideafromonesentencetothenext.
1.次序:
Firstandforemost,First,Firstly,Second,Secondly,third,thirdly,
then=next=afterthat=afterwards.
例:
Thenyoucometoatrafficlightandturnright.
2.强调:
Certainly=Surely=really=truly=indeed,aboveall=mostimportant
Asamatteroffact=inreality=totellthetruth.
例:
Aboveall,donotbuildanopenfireinaforest.
Indeedadessertisalwaysenjoyable.
Iamgoingtheretomorrow,asamatteroffact.
3.说明:
Forexample,forinstance,such,so=thus=inthis/thatway=likethis,
infact=intruth=really
例:
Thusthetripfinallybegan.
SuchanearthquakehappenedlastyearinChina.
Soitwasthathehadhisfirstsightofsnow.
Foreightyearsshewasinfactspyingfortheenemy.
4.对照:
whereas=butincontrast=while,Onthecontrary,insteadof,ontheotherhand.
instead=asanalternative
例:
Thehusbandwantedaboy,whereasthewifewantedagirl.
We’venocoffee.Wouldyouliketeainstead?
Let’splaycardsinsteadofwatchingTV.
5.比较:
like,unlike,as…as,Similarly,Equallyimportant,Inthesameway,
Atthesametime=Meanwhile,Comparedwith…
例:
Equallyimportantthecardrivesthirtymilesonagallonofgas.
Iwenttocollege.Meanwhile,allmyfriendsgotwell-paidjobs.
6.并列/补充:
Besides,Furthermore,Moreover,also,Ontopof…=Inaddition=Additionally,
too,aswell,Whatismore,both…and,notonly…butalso.
例:
Ididnotlikethehouse;moreover,itwastoohigh-priced.
7.转折(makeastatementlessgeneralorextreme):
Asamatteroffact,However=though,Nevertheless(fml)=inspiteofthis=still,Unfortunately,Conversely,Yet,but.
例:
Wehope,though,thatshecouldchangehermind.
Yettherewasstillachancethathewouldwin.
8.让步:
although=though,afterall,Nevertheless(fml)=inspiteofthis=still
例:
Afterall,youlearntocookmanyfoodsinthisjob.
Thoughveryintelligent,sheisneverthelessrathermodest.
Still,awintervacationcanbepleasant/fun.
9.结果/后果:
Hence=forthisreason,asaresult=Therefore=Forthatreason=Consequently,Thus=Asaresultofthis=Accordingly,so…that,otherwise,then=inthatcase=therefore
例:
Consequently,weopenedanaccountatthebank.
Nothingmorewasheardfromhimsothatwebegantowonderifhewasdead.
10.目的:
to,inorderto(fml)=soasto,sothat=inorderthat
例︰Heleftearlyinorderthatheshould/would/mightarriveontime.
Sheworkshardsothatherhusbandsuspectsnothing.
11.结论/总结:
Asyoucansee,AsIhavesaid,Obviously,Apparently,Tosum/endup,
Toconclude,Inbrief/short/summary/conclusion/aword,Byandlarge=Allinall
例:
Insummary,recreationisbigbusiness.
Byandlarge,thecompany’sbeenprettygoodtome.
PassageOne
Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeinagreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists”.Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist―-andespeciallytheadministrator—-dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andhumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinaparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.
Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou――butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyour-selfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.
1.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor______.
A.all-roundpeopleintheirownfield
B.peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’swork
C.generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessional
D.specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers
2.Thespecialistis________.
A.amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople
B.amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefield
C.amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees
D.amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters
3.Theadministratoris_______.
A.a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist
B.amanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforest
C.amanwhoisverystronginthehumanities
D.amanwhoisan“educated”specialist
4.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant______.
A.totrytobeageneralist
B.tochooseaprofitablejob
C.tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou
D.todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist
5.Aman’sfirstjob__________.
A.isnevertherightjobforhim
B.shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob
C.shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjob
D.isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobBDCDB
PassageTwo
Successfulinternationalmarketingdo
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