污泥水平对向日葵的生长及营养的影响的中文翻译.docx
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污泥水平对向日葵的生长及营养的影响的中文翻译.docx
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污泥水平对向日葵的生长及营养的影响的中文翻译
SEWAGESLUDGELEVELSONTHEDEVELOPMENTANDNUTRITIONOFSUNFLOWERPLANTS
ThomazFigueiredoLobo*andHelioGrassiFilho
FaculdadedeCienciasAgronómicasdeBotucatu-UNESP-CaixaPostal237,CEP18610-307,Botucatu-SP,Brasil.
ABSTRACT:
Thisstudyaimedtoevaluatetheeffectofsubstitutingchemicalnitrogen(N)fertilizationforequivalentNlevelsfromsewagesludgeofWastewaterTreatmentPlant(WTP)onsunflowerplantdevelopment.Nutrientlevelsinphysiologicallymatureleavesandseeds,besidesnutrientexportationduringa130-dayassay,werealsoassessed.Theexperimentwascarriedoutin100m2permanentplotsatSaoManuelFarm,whichbelongstoSchoolofAgronomicalSciences,SaoPauloStateUniversity-UNESP,Botucatu,SaoPauloState,Brazil.ThefarmislocatedinthemunicipalityofSaoManuel,SaoPauloState.Experimentaldesignwasinrandomizedblocksincluding5treatmentsand5replicates.Treatmentswere:
Tl-chemicalNfertilizationaccordingtotherecommendationfortheculture;T2-50%Nfromsewagesludgeand50%Nfromchemicalfertilization;T3-100%Nfromsewagesludge;T4-150%Nfromsewagesludge;T5-200%Nfromsewagesludge.Foralltreatments,equalamountsofPandKfertilizationwereapplied.Treatmentsdifferedforplantheightfrom21to64days,stemdiameterfrom28to57days,andleafnumberfrom21to38days.Seednutrientlevelsslightlyvaried;however,thequantitiesofexportedN,P,Mg,FeandZnvariedassewagesludgelevelsincreased.
Keywords:
manure,biosolidsandnitrogen
1.INTRODUCTION
Sewagesludgeisaresiduefrombiologicalwastewatertreatmentplants,wheredomesticwastepredominatesoverindustrialoneandheavymetallevelsandpathogensarewithintheacceptablerangeforagriculturaluse(CONAMA,2006).However,thefinaldisposalofsewagesludgeisaworldwideconcernsinceitsproducedvolumeisincreasing.
Asanalternative,thisresiduehasalreadybeenusedforagricultureinnumerouscountries.Thecollectionandtreatmentsystemfordomesticwasteisoneofthebasicassumptionsforahealthyenvironment,providinglifequalityandenvironmentpreservation(Andreolietal.,1997).
SewagesludgeapplicationwasstudiedbyPradoandNatale(2005)inpassionflowerculture.Inagreenhouse,plantsweresubjectedtosewagesludgelevelsofupto30mgha-1(drymatterbasis)andyieldedquadraticresponsesfordrymatterproductionandnutrientaccumulation.Inanotherstudy,a4-foldNdemandincreaseddryphytomassproductionandNlevelinBrachiariadecumbensleaves(Araújoetal.,2009).Inbeanplants,Nlevelsincreasedastheaddedsewagesludgelevelswerehigher(Barrosetal,2002).
Sincesewagesludgeisrichinnutrients,mainlynitrogen(N)andphosphorous(P),ithasbeenusedinmanycountriesasasubstituteforchemicalfertilizers(Binderetal.,2002).MineralnutritionisanimportantenvironmentalfactorandNisthemacronutrientmostlyrequiredbyculturessinceplantgrowthanddevelopmentarehighlydependentontheavailabilityofthisnutrient.SuchhighdependenceisduetotherolesofNinplantmetabolism,beingaconstituentofchlorophyllmolecules,nucleicacids,aminoacidsandproteins(TaizandZeiger,2004;Malavolta,2006;EpsteinandBloom,2006).
LoboandGrassiFilho(2007)reportedthatinsunflowercultureNfrommineralfertilizationcanbesubstitutedforthatfromsewagesludge,significantlyincreasinggrainproductivity,oilanddrymatteryield.
Thus,thepresentworkaimedtoevaluatetheeffectofsubstitutingchemicalnitrogenfertilizationforequivalentlevelsofNfromWTPsewagesludgeonsunflowerdevelopmentparameters,aswellastoassessnutrientlevelsinphysiologicallymatureleavesandseeds,includingnutrientexportation.
2.MATERIALANDMETHODS
ThisstudywascarriedoutatSãoManuelExperimentalFarm,whichbelongstoSchoolofAgronomicalSciences,SãoPauloStateUniversity-UNESP,Botucatu,SãoPauloState,Brazil.ThefarmislocatedinSãoManuelMunicipality,SãoPauloState(22°25'S;48°34'W),atanaltitudeof750mabovesealevel.AccordingtoKoppenclassification,theclimateinthestudyregionismesothermal,Cwa,i.e.humidsubtropicalincludingdroughtinthewinterandrainfromNovembertoApril,andtheaverageannualrainfallinthatmunicipalityis1,433mm.Theairrelativehumidityis71%,withannualaveragetemperatureof23°C.MeteorologicaldataandclassificationweresuppliedbytheDepartmentofNaturalResources,EnvironmentalSciencesArea,CollegeofAgronomicalSciences-FCA,UNESP,Botucatu.ThesoilphysicalandchemicalcharacteristicswerealreadydescribedbyLoboandGrassiFilho(2007).
Priortotheexperimentstablishment,chemicalanalysesweredoneforthesoilinthedepthrangesof0-20to20-40cm,accordingtoRaijetal.(2001).TheseresultsareshowninTables1and2.
P205andK20fertilizationsweredoneatplantingaccordingtotheanalysisofsoilwith30kg.ha-1P205intheformofsimplesuperphosphateand30kg.ha-1K20intheformofpotassiumchloride.
Experimentaldesignwasinrandomizedblocksconstitutedof5treatmentsand5replicates,asdefinedbyPimentelGomes(2000):
T1,chemicalnitrogenfertilizationof50kg.ha-1,10kgbeingappliedatplantingand40kgNincoverfertilization,whichisrecommendedforsunflowercultureinSãoPauloState,Brazil100%chemicalnitrogen(urea);T2,50%sewage-sludgenitrogenand50%chemicalnitrogen,coverfertilization(urea);T3,100%sewage-sludgenitrogenfertilization,asrecommendedfortheculture;T4,150%sewage-sludgenitrogenfertilization;T5,200%sewage-sludgenitrogenfertilization.
TheusedsewagesludgewasfromtheSewageTreatmentPlantinthecityofJundiai,SãoPauloState.ItwascollectedfromsamplescomposedofsludgepresentingthecharacteristicsshowninTable3(LANARV,1988).
TheanalysiswascarriedoutintheLaboratoryofFertilizersandCorrectors,DepartmentofNaturalResources/SoilSciences,SchoolofAgronomicalSciences,Botucatu,SãoPauloState.
Plotsize,spacing,sewage-sludgeNcalculation,cultivar,sewagesludgechemicalcharacteristics,andtheremainingcultureprocedureswerepreviouslydescribedbyLoboandGrasiFilho(2007).
Totalrainfallduringthecropseasonwas507mm,reaching296mminthefirstmonthofsowing.
Plantdevelopmentparameters(plantheight,leafnumberandstemdiameter)wereweeklyevaluateduntilthefloweringphase.Plantheight,stemdiameter,leafnumber,andmacroandmicronutrientlevelsintheleaveswereanalyzedtogetherfor10plantsrandomlydistributedineachplot.
Table1.Chemicalcharacteristicsofthesoilwheretheexperimentwasdeveloped
(basic).
Depthcm
PHCaCl2
O.M.g.cm-3
Pmg.dm-3
H+Al
Al3+
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
SB
CEC
BS
-------mmolc.dm-3--------
0-20
6.1
12
20
13
1
1.9
19
12
33
46
71
20-40
6.1
7
6
13
1
1.6
17
9
28
41
68
CEC=Ca+Mg+K+H+Al;SB=Ca+Mg+K;BS=((SB/CEC)*100).Raijetal.(2001).
Table2.Chemicalcharacteristicsofthesoilwheretheexperimentwasdeveloped
(micronutrients).
土壤深度cm
B
Cu
Fe
Mn
Zn
--------------mg.dm-3----------------
0-20
0.11
1.0
20
7.7
1.2
20-40
0.09
0.9
13
4.1
1.2
Table3.Chemicalcharacteristicsofthesewagesludgeusedintheexperiment.
N
P2O5
K2O
Humidity
MO
C
Ca
Mg
S
Na
Cu
Fe
Mn
Zn
C/N
pH
------------------------g.kg-1---------------------------
-------------------mg.kg-1-------------------
31.8
17.2
1.8
675.8
550
306
12.5
2.2
45.6
1520
812
31650
3400
2150
10/1
4.3
Plantheightwasfirstmeasuredat20daftersowingandweeklyrepeateduntil70daysbyusingatapemeasureof100cmmaximalheight;fromthismaximalpointa2mrulerwasemployed.Duringthevegetativedevelopment,heightwasassessedfromthesoiltotheinsertionofthelastunfoldedleaf,whileinthereproductivephaseitwasmeasuredfromthesoiltothecapituluminsertion.Stemdiameter(cm)wasfirstmeasuredat34daysaftersowingandweeklyrepeateduntil70daysbyusingacaliperfromthesoil.Leafnumberwasalsoweeklydeterminedfrom27to56daftersowingbycountingthenumberofcompletelyunfoldedleavesintheplant.
Formacroandmicronutrientanalysisleaveswereharvestedatthebeginningofflowering(Malavoltaetal.,1997),andthe4leaffromtheupperpartoftheplantwascollected.HarvestedleaveswereanalyzedforN,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,B,Cu,Fe,MnandZnlevels,accordingtothemethodologydescribedbyMalavoltaetal.(1997).
Seedswerecollectedfrom10plantsinthestageR9,whencapitulawereturneddown.Theyweredriedinaforcedaerationovenat60°C±5°Cfor7dandgroundbyusingaWilley-typemill.ThegroundmaterialwasstoredinpaperbagsandsentformacroandmicronutrientanalysisattheLaboratoryofPlantMineralNutrition,DepartmentofNaturalResources/SoilSciences,FCA/UNESP,whereN,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,B,Cu,Fe,MnandZnlevelsweredetermined.
accordingtothemethodologyofMalavoltaetal.(1997).Resultswereusedtocalculatethelevelsofnutrientsexportedbytheseedsasfollows:
thelevelofeachelementwasmultipliedbyeachplotproductivityin1ha.
DataweresubjectedtocomparisonofmeansbyTukey'stestat5%probabilitylevel,accordingtoStatisticalAnalysisSystemprocedures(SASInstitute,2001).
3.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
Meanplantheightsonemergencedays14,21,28,38,44,50,57and64arerepresentedinFigure1.From21to38d,T4andT5hadsuperiorheights,comparedtotheothertreatments.From38to50days,T5presentedthehighestheight.From50dafteremergence,meanheightswerehigherinT5andT2.In
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