A Study On Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye在托妮墨里森和# 39研究的最蓝的眼睛.docx
- 文档编号:11056016
- 上传时间:2023-02-24
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:8
- 大小:20.45KB
A Study On Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye在托妮墨里森和# 39研究的最蓝的眼睛.docx
《A Study On Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye在托妮墨里森和# 39研究的最蓝的眼睛.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《A Study On Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye在托妮墨里森和# 39研究的最蓝的眼睛.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
AStudyOnToniMorrisonsTheBluestEye在托妮墨里森和#39研究的最蓝的眼睛
AStudyOnToniMorrison’sTheBluestEye
Ying-Hua,Liao
Introduction
ToniMorrisonwasthewinnerofthe1993NobelPrizeforLiterature.SheisaprominentcontemporaryAmericanwriterdevotedtotheblackliteraryandculturalmovement.HerachievementsanddedicationtothepromotionofblackculturehaveestablishedherdistinguishedstatusinAmericanliterature.
ManycriticsapplaudToniMorrison’sartistictalentandcontributiontoAmericanliterature.DarwinT.Turner,forexample,hasthuscommented:
“Morrisonhasalreadyachievedstatusasamajornovelist--anartfulcreatorofgrotesquesdestinedtoliveinworldswhereseedsofloveseldomblossom.”LindaW.WagnerapprovesMorrison’sartisticgeniusinhermasteryofnarrativetechnique.ShesuggeststhatToniMorrison’snarrativeaccomplishmentsinherfirstfournovelshavewonheraccolades,prizesandreaders.1NellieMcKaybelievesthatasawriter,teacher,editor,andresearcherofcontemporaryAmericanliterature,ToniMorrisonhasmadeagreatcontributiontoAfrican-AmericanStudies,Americanliterature,andWomen’sStudies.Herworkshavereceivedgreatacademicattention.TheinclusionofherfirstnovelTheBluestEyeintheNortonAnthologyofWomen’sLiteraturenotablydemonstratesthat“ToniMorrisonhasenteredthecanon.”2HerplaceasanimportantAmericanwriterisvalidated.
ToniMorrisonistheauthorofsixnovels,TheBluestEye(1970),Sula(1973),SongofSolomon(1977),TarBaby(1981),Beloved(1987)andJazz(1992).Throughhernovels,ToniMorrisonscrutinizesthepredicamentsofblackpeoplewhomustfighttheinferiorsocialandeconomicstatusina“genderized”and“racialized”hegemonicculture.MorrisonlodgesasevereindictmentagainstthedominantsocietyforitsunjustoppressionofAfrican-Americans.Blacks’subjugatedcultureismadevisiblebyherliteraryrepresentation.Shehasgivenavoicetotheblackminority.AsanAfrican-Americanfemalewriter,herwritingsareabundantininformationaboutblackculture.Herresponsibilityasablackartististocultivateblackculturalconsciousness,toenlightenandstrengthenthevaluesofblackculturalheritage.3
BlackpeoplearedeniedequalityinAmericanwhite-dominatedculture.Slaverytreatedblackpeopleaspropertyoranimals,notashumanbeingswithheartsandminds.Blackshavehadapainfulhistoryoffightingforsurvivalandliberation.WhenthesocialconditionsofAfrican-Americansarereflectedinliterarywritings,thethemeof“lackoffreedom”isdominantintheworksofblackwriters.AsMorrisonobserves,thedominatingthemesincethebeginningofthiscountryisthatof“notbeingfree.”4Theirhistoryisthestruggleforfreedom,physically,politically,economicallyandpsychologically.
Reflectingonblackhistory,ToniMorrisoninheressay“BlackMatters”remarksthatforfourhundredyears,African-AmericanculturehasbeenabsentfromAmericanhistory.Thepresenceofblackpeopleismadeinvisiblebymainstreamsociety.Blackculturehasnoconsequentialplaceinwhite-dominatedliterature.Blackliteraturereceiveslittlescholarlyattention.ThereisavacuuminAmericanliterarydiscourse.Theirvoiceisnotheard.5
Asablackfemalewriterintheracializedandgenderizedculture,sheobservesthat
traditional,canonicalAmericanliteratureisfree
of,uninformed,andunshapedbythefour-
hundred-year-oldpresenceof,first,Africansand
thenAfrican-AmericansintheUnitedStates.It
assumesthatthispresence--whichshapedthebody
politic,theConstitution,andtheentirehistory
oftheculture--hashadnosignificantplaceor
consequenceintheoriginanddevelopmentofthat
culture’sliterature.Moreover,suchknowledge
assumesthatthecharacteristicsofournational
literatureemanatefromaparticular
“Americanness”thatisseparatefromand
unaccountabletothispresence....The
contemplationofthisblackpresenceiscentralto
anyunderstandingofournationalliterature
andshouldnotbepermittedtohoveratthemargins
oftheliteraryimagination.6
ToniMorrisonperceivesavacuuminAmericanwhitemaledominatedliterarydiscoursewhichexcludesblackpresence.“Blackpeoplehaveastory,andthatstoryhastobeheard.”7Therefore,sheendeavorstobreakthesilencebytellingtheblackpeople’sstory,andbridgethegapbetweenwhitemale-centeredliteratureandblacksubjugatedculture.
Morrisonintendstoreconstructtheblackimageinawaysheknows.Herwritingefforttoillustratetherichnessofblackcultureincludesblacklanguage,music,mythsandrituals.Aboveall,sheincludes“thetraditionalBlackfemaleactivitiesofrootworking,herbalmedicine,conjure,andmidwiferyintothefabricof[her]stories”8torevealtheblackwoman’sculturalexperiences.Theuniqueexperiencesofblacks,specificallythoseofblackwomen,aretreatedwithadistinctivevoiceinMorrison’sworks.Theyarebroughtfromthemargintothereconstructedcenter.Throughhernovels,thesilenceofblackpeopleisbroken;thevoidinwhite-malecenteredliteratureisfilled.Morrisonhasincorporatedblackcultureintothenationalculturalnarrative.Herwritingsalsorefracttheauthor’sdialoguewithhertimesandculturaltradition.
Inthetraditionaldefinition,Americanculturemeantwhiteculture.Theculturesofotherethnicminoritygroups,namely,AfricanAmericans,AsianAmericans,NativeAmericansandChicanoAmericansaresubjugatedbymainstreamsociety.RichardH.King,however,suggeststhatsincethe1960sithasbeenimpossibletoseeAmericancultureasaunitaryentity.ThemeltingpotasthedominantconceptionofAmericannationalityischallenged.9TheAmericanidentitystartingwiththewhiteAngle-SaxonProtestantisthreatened.10ManydifferentethnicgroupsinAmericahaveenunciatedtheirclaimsforculturaldiversity.Likealltheseotherminoritygroups,AfricanAmericansspeakout,staketheirrightsandvoicetheirexistence.
Iwillgiveabriefintroductiontoblackpowermovement.Itisintheeraandaftermathofthecivilrightsmovementthatblackculturalconsciousnessisstronglygrowingandexpanding.TheblackleaderMartinLutherKingadoptednonviolentactionstofightagainstracialoppression.Duringthe1960s,blackpeopleasacategoryoforganizedstrugglearose.Theyactivelyengagedinthepoliticalactivism,strivingforegalitarianreformsandfreedom.
Thecampaignsblackpeoplewagedtoprotestagainstracialsegregationinthisactincludedboycotts,sit-ins,FreedomRidersmovement,andmarches.Thecivilrightseraopenedupwithaneventin1955inMontgomery,Alabama.Ablackwoman,RosaParks,wasarrestedbecausesherefusedtogiveupherfrontseattoawhiteinabus.Aboycottofcitybusesfollowedasamajorsteptoresistracialdiscrimination.Thisprotestvictoriouslyendedwiththeimprovementofblackcivilrights.TheU.S.SupremeCourtdeclaredsegregationinbusesunconstitutional.Thesuccessfulbusboycottsetthestageforcontinuednonviolentprotestagainstracialinequality.
In1961,TheCongressofRacialEquality(CORE)launchedtheFreedomRidersmovement.Thefirstbuscarryingfreedomriderswasburned.Bytheendofthesummer,Kennedyadministrationproposedthattheracialsegregationintheinterstatetravelshouldbeundone.
Anothernonviolentacttoprohibitsegregationinpublicfacilitieswassit-in.Thesit-inactbeganwhenfourstudentsatNorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalCollegeprotestedagainstlunch-countersegregationinGreensboro.Manystudents,blackorwhite,joinedthemandthismovementwaspushedforwardacrosstheSouth.Thesit-insagainpresentedblackpeople’sbattleforequalityandhumanetreatment.
TheSCLCledaseriesofmarchesfordiscriminationinvoting,education,employmentandsegregationinpublicfacilities.In1963,some250,000blacksandwhitesmarchedinWashingtontodemandanendtoracialoppression.In1964,theorganizationofSCLCembarkedonamarchinSelma,AlabamatodemonstratetherequestthatavotingrightsactwasneededtoenfranchiseSouthernblacks.In1965,morethan2000blackswhoattemptedtoregistertovotewerearrested.Afterwards,MartinLutherKingcalledforamarchfromSelmatopetitionthegovernmenttoallowblackpeopletovote.Thisactendedsuccessfullywhenauthoritiesterminatedpoliciesdesignedtopreventsouthernblacksfromvoting.
Inshort,CivilRightsmovementwonpoliticalrightsforblacks.Itbroughtmoreopportunitiesofeducation,therighttovote,andbetterjobsforblackpeople.Itsetstageforthedevelopmentofblackpoliticsinthe1970sand1980s.Thisactnotonlyfoughtperceptionsofracialinferioritybutalsobroughtchangestothestereotypesofblackpeople.Thedesiregeneratedbythisacttoclaimblack’sculturalheritagewiththeirvoicesisgreatandstrong.Theneedtoassertethnicdifferencesandblackculturalliberationispressed.Itgaveblackpeopleavoiceandestablishedtheprincipleofself-empowerment.
Moreover,theact’sprovisionsagainstsexismhelpedpromotewomen’srightsmovement.It,inturn,broughttheblackwoman’svoicefromthemargintothecenterinAmericanliterature.Intheaftermathofcivilrightsmovement,asignificantnumberofAfrican-Americanwomanwriterscontemplatedissuesofracialinjusticeandgenderproblemsthroughnarratives;tomentiononlyafewofthem,suchasToniMorrison,AliceWalker,ToniCadeBambara,AudreLorde,GloriaNaylorandAliceChildress.Blackwomen’sliterature,unexaminedandexcludedfromwhite-maledominatedliterarydiscourse,isnowreceivingscholarlyattention.
Withtheemergence
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Study On Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye在托妮墨里森和# 39研究的最蓝的眼睛 Eye 托妮墨里森 39 研究 眼睛
链接地址:https://www.bdocx.com/doc/11056016.html