科技英语学生1ok.docx
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科技英语学生1ok.docx
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科技英语学生1ok
专业外语
PublishingResearch(1a)
Partsofaresearchpaper
Abstract:
providesthereaderwithabriefpreviewofyourstudy
Introduction:
providesanorientationforreaders,givingthebackgroundtheyneedtounderstandyourreport
Method:
describesthestepsyoufollowedandmaterialsyouusedinyourresearch
Result:
presentthefindingsofyourresearchwithbriefcomments
Discussion:
presentsabroadlookatyourfindingsandresearchasawhole.
1.Abstractfacts
∙Abstractsarefoundatthebeginningofjournalarticles,researchpapers,reports,theses,anddissertations.
∙Anabstractisacompletebutconciseandinformativeaccountofyourwork,i.e.,acondensationthatmakessensewithoutreferencetothefulldocument.Itisnotmerelyadescriptiveguidetothepaper’scontent.Itisanabbreviatedversionofthepaper(exceptforverylongreview-stylepapersormonographs,inwhichdescriptiveabstractsmaybeused).
∙Thepurposesofwritinganabstractare:
1)Toenablereaderstoquicklyandaccuratelyidentifythesubstanceofyourworkandtodecideitsrelevancetotheirowninterests.2)Toadvertiseyourwork(toencouragereaderstoobtainandreadthefullarticle.
∙Anabstractisnotasummary.Asummaryappearsattheendofapieceofwork,andisarestatementoftheimportantfindingsandconclusions.Unliketheabstract,thesummarydoesnotincludecondensationsofanyotherportionsincludingthebackground,purpose,ormethodsofthestudy.
∙Withthephenomenonofinformationoverload,manyresearcherswillreadonlytheabstractofyourpaper.
∙Withtheadventofabstractdatabases,manyreaderswillseeyourabstractseparatelyfromtherestofthepaper.Therefore,writinganexcellentabstractisvitaltoencouragethemtoobtainthefullpaper,readit,andciteit.
2.Abstractcomponents
SampleAbstractanditselements
Inmanyculturesitisstandardbehaviorforpeopletohaveashortperiodofsleepafterthenoonmeal.Theaimofourstudywastodetermineifsuchasleepperiodenhancestheoverallworkefficiencyofofficeworkers.Twogroupsparticipatedinthestudy.Onegroupsleptafterthenoonmealandtheothergroupcontinuedworkingafterthenoonmeal.Resultsindicatedthatthosewhoslepthadbetteroverallworkefficiencyaccordingtothewell-knownRichardsworkefficiencyscale.Theresultssuggestthatemployersmaybenefitbygivingtheiremployeestheoptionofsleepingundisturbedafterthenoonmeal.
Abstracts(1b)
I.Abstractfacts
Theabstractisbyfarthemostimportantpageinyourthesis.Notonlydoesitsummarizethewholework,butalsoitisusuallythefirstparttheexaminerwillread.Aswithmostthingsinlife,firstimpressionsarevery,veryimportant!
Indeed,theexaminermayalreadyhaveagradeinmindforyourthesishavingreadonlytheabstract.Despitethis,manystudentswritetheabstractinagreathurry.Althoughtheabstractmustnecessarilybewrittenattheendoftheresearchwrite-up,greatcareshouldbegiventoitsconstruction,forthereasonsstatedabove.Thebestwaytowriteagoodabstractistoreviseitseveraltimes.
∙Abstractsarefoundatthebeginningofjournalarticles,researchpapers,reports,theses,anddissertations.
∙Anabstractisacompletebutconciseandinformativeaccountofyourwork,i.e.,acondensationthatmakessensewithoutreferencetothefulldocument.Itisnotmerelyadescriptiveguidetothepaper’scontent,itisanabbreviatedversionofthepaper(exceptforverylongreview-stylepapersormonographs,inwhichdescriptiveabstractsmaybeused).
∙Thepurposesofwritinganabstractare:
1.Toenablereaderstoquicklyandaccuratelyidentifythesubstanceofyourworkandtodecideitsrelevancetotheirowninterests.2.Toadvertiseyourwork(toencouragereaderstoobtainandreadthefullarticle.
∙Anabstractisnotasummary.Asummaryappearsattheendofapieceofwork,andisarestatementoftheimportantfindingsandconclusions.Unliketheabstract,thesummarydoesnotincludecondensationsofanyotherportionsincludingthebackground,purpose,ormethodsofthestudy.
∙Withthephenomenonofinformationoverload,manyresearcherswillreadonlytheabstractofyourpaper.
∙Withtheadventofabstractdatabases,manyreaderswillseeyourabstractseparatelyfromtherestofthepaper.Therefore,writinganexcellentabstractisvitaltoencouragethemtoobtainthefullpaper,readit,andciteit.
∙Theessentialelementsofthestructureofanabstractarethebackground,theproblem,themethods,theresults,andtheimplications.
II.Abstractcomponents
SampleAbstractanditselements
Inmanyculturesitisstandardbehaviorforpeopletohaveashortperiodofsleepafterthenoonmeal.Theaimofourstudywastodetermineifsuchasleepperiodenhancestheoverallworkefficiencyofofficeworkers.Twogroupsparticipatedinthestudy.Onegroupsleptafterthenoonmealandtheothergroupcontinuedworkingafterthenoonmeal.Resultsindicatedthatthosewhoslepthadbetteroverallworkefficiencyaccordingtothewell-knownRichardsworkefficiencyscale.Theresultssuggestthatemployersmaybenefitbygivingtheiremployeestheoptionofsleepingundisturbedafterthenoonmeal.
Thelengthoftheabstractshouldberestrictedtothelimitsetbythejournalorrelevantacademicregulation,oftenabout250words(sayabout15sentences).Theabstractconsistsof5linkedparts–background,problem,methods,results,andimplications.Theproportionoftheabstracttakenbyeachpartvariesconsiderably.Youneedtogettheattentionofthereaderwiththeabstract–maketheminterestedinyourwork.
Background:
Brieflysetupthebackgroundandcontexttothestudy,itsrationaleandsignificance.Withinthisbackground,youneedtocouchtheproblem.
Objectives:
Hereyouneedtoidentifytheparticularresearchproblemunderinvestigation,thepurposeofthestudy,andanyspecificresearchobjectivesorhypotheses.
Methods:
Outlinetheapproachyoutookandthemethodsyouusedtoinvestigatetheproblem.Describetheextentofthestudy,whatyoudidormeasured,andhowyoudidit.Specifythelocationofthestudyandwhenitwasperformed.
Results:
Giveanyimportantdata.Bespecific,notvague.Quantifyifpossible;avoidtermssuchas"most"or"some"ifyouhavethespecificnumbers.Statethemajorinterpretationsandfindings,howthefindingsrelatetotheoriginalresearchproblem,andanylimitations/caveatsontheresults.
Implications:
Finishbystatingthecontributionoftheworkanditsimplications.Theremaybeimplicationsforassociatedproblems,orforpreviousstudies,e.g.,reinterpretationofapreviousmodelmaybenecessaryinthelightofyourfindings.Doyourresultshavegeneralorspecificapplicationorrelevance?
Thestructureforanabstractdescribedaboveisappropriateforarticles,papers,thesesetc.Abstractsformeetings,conferences,andconferenceproceedingsaresometimesmorespeculative/descriptiveinnatureandmaynotfollowthisstructure.
Inordertobecomegoodatwritingabstracts,youneedtoreadandexamineothers’abstracts,andpracticewritingyourown.Youcanreadabstractsinjournalsandtheses,andbyaccessingabstractdatabases(e.g.,ScienceCitationIndex).Whenreadinganabstract,peruseitproperlytojudgeifitisinformativeandwell-written.Youwillbeabletoidentifybothgoodandbadabstracts.Whenwritingyourown,giveyourselftimetoproducereviseddraftsandtrytoreaditassomeonereadingitforthefirsttime,i.e.,asyouraudience.
III.Abstractverbtenses
Background:
Presenttense
Purpose/objectives:
Pasttense
Method:
Pasttense
Results:
Pasttense
Conclusion//implications:
Presenttenseusuallywithtentativeverbs/Modalauxiliaries(appear,seem,islikely,might,can,may)
IV.Abstracttips
∙Makeyourownworksoundinterestingandinspiring,afterall,ifyoucan’t,whocan?
∙Avoidlong-winded,complexsentences.Useoneormorewell-developedparagraphs,whichareunified,coherent,concise,andabletostandalone.
∙Usethesequenceinwhichthepartsofthereport/papersarediscussed:
background,purpose,findings,conclusions,recommendationsandfollowstrictlythechronologyofthereport/papers.
∙Avoidexcessiveuseofjargon,andexaggerativelanguage
∙Keepwithinthespecifiedwordlimit.Mostinstitutionswillhavetheirown"houserules"astothelengthoftheabstract,butcouldvaryupto200-600words.Theabstractshouldstandaloneandbeabletobeunderstoodwithoutreferencetocitations,
∙Ensuretheabstractcontainsallyourkeywords(forthesearchabledatabases).
∙Addnonewinformationbutsimplysummarizethereport/papers.Beintelligibletoawideaudience
VI.Writingpractice
对军用飞机发动机的一项基本要求是它们能够在失去油压后继续工作六分钟。
这项研究的目的是评价一种新的发动机的添加剂的性能。
在恶劣的工作情况下测试了两台发动机。
在试验结束时使用新的添加剂的发动机工作状况更好。
结果表明新的添加剂会给我们的国家提供军事上的战略优势。
Newwords:
oilpressure,additive,strategic
Indicate,describe,presents,suggest,illustrate
Theobjectiveofthestudy/research/paperwastodescribe…
Theresultindicated…
Theresultseemstosuggest…
Theresultisidentifiedasbeingusefulin…
Publishingresearch2a
Readthefollowingsampleanddecidehowmanyelementsithas:
Introduction
Duringthepastfewdecades,computershavegainedenormouspopularityinmanyaspectsoftheUnitedStates’culture.Onereasonforthisisthatcomputertechnologyhasbeenadvancingsoquicklythatevensmallcomputerscannowperformalargenumberofusefultasks.Becauseofthis,schoolsarepurchasingmoreandmoremicrocomputersandincorporatingthemasteachingtoolsinmanyoftheircourses.
Mostresearchesagreethatmicrocomputerswillpl
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- 科技 英语 学生 ok