Chinese translation of English attributive clauses.docx
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Chinese translation of English attributive clauses.docx
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ChinesetranslationofEnglishattributiveclauses
第一种翻译成简单句,合二为一
第二种前置,因为位置不同。
第三种去掉连接词。
重复先行词都可以。
第四种翻译成状语从句
TheattributiveclauseisoneofthemostcomplicatedclausesinEnglish,andcausesmany
difficultiestotranslators,becauseEnglishandChinesebelongtodifferentlanguagefamilies.andeachofthemhasitsownspecialsyntacticcharacteristics.
First,let’shaveabriefreviewofAttributiveclausesinEnglish.Attributiveclausesareusedtomodifynoun.Sotheyarealsoknownas“adjectiveclauses”,buttheplaceisdifferent.Mostly,theyarepost-modifiersofnounsandarealwaysintroducedbyrelativewordssuchas“who”“whose”“that”“which”“as”“when”“where”“why”.Therearetwotypesof
attributiveclausesinEnglish,namelyrestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclause.Thefunctionoftheattributiveclauseistoindentifyandclassifytheprecedingnounandnon-restrictiveattributiveclausesareusedtoaddextrainformationthatreadersmaynotknow.
clause.增加一些定语从句的信息。
thoughattributivestructuresexistbothinEnglishandChinese,theconceptof
attributiveclausedoesnotexistinChinesesyntax.
Chineseoftenuseindividualwordsorphrasesasattributiveelementsorothertypesofclausestoperformsimilarfunctions.SincethereisnoattributiveclauseinChinese.
1.Beingtranslatedintosimplesentences
SometimesthetranslatorcanrearrangetheorderoftheEnglishcomplexsentenceandchange
theattributiveclauseintothepredicateofasimplesentence(SongTianxi,2005).ThismethodisfrequentlyadoptedintranslatingEnglish“therebe“structure.
e.g.1Thereareamanintheclassroomwhoarewaitingforyou.(教室裏有人等.。
)
ThiswastheperiodwhenNewtonbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofGravity.
就在这期间,牛顿开始了一项研究。
经过这项研究,他创立了著名的重力理论。
2.前置法prepositioning
Thewayattributiveclauses1 areformedisoneoftheclearestdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishgrammar.AttributiveclausesinEnglishareright-branching,thatis,followthenountheymodify,whereasattributiveclausesinChineseareleft-branching,thatis,precedethenoun.
SoWhenEnglishattributiveclausesareeasyandshort,theycanbetranslatedintoChinese
attributeswith“de(的)”beforethewordsbeingmodified.Thismethodcanalsobecalled
“prepositioning”whichisthemostcommonpracticeintranslatingtheEnglish
attributiveclause,anditisinaccordancewiththenormalorderofChinesesyntax,since
Chineseprefers“leftbranchdirection”intheusageofattributes
Example1:
Peoplewho meditateneedtoeatanddrinkalot.
坐禅的人必须大吃大喝
e.g.Amanwhoreallyknowshowtolearnwillalwaysbesuccessfulbecausewhenhehasto
dosomethingnewwhichhehasneverhadtodobefore,hewillrapidlyteachhimselfhowtodo
itinthebestway.(一個真正懂得怎樣學習的人總是會獲得成功,因為他必須去做他從前
不曾做過的工作時,他會很快掌握完成這項工作的最佳方法。
)
Theall-important de/的isthegluewhichattachestheattributiveclausetotheheadword(people,inthiscase).
3.分译法Division
“Differentlanguagesmighthavedifferentsystemsofcohesivedevices…
Expressedanotherway,Chineseprefersparataxis(sequencingofelementsinasentencewithoutconnectives),Englishprefershypotaxis,orusingconnectives.parataxis意合,thecombiningofideas;hypotaxis形合,thecombiningofforms.
ConjunctionsinEnglishareusedmorefrequentlythaninChinese.ThisisbecausetheclausesinaChinesecompositesentenceareusuallyconnectedbyparataxis,whereasthoseinanEnglishcomplexorcompoundsentenceareconnectedbyhypotaxis….connectivesaremuchlessimperativelyneededinaChinesecompositesentence.Therearenosuchrelativewordsasthatwhichwhoetc.sowecantranslaterelativeclauseintoandindependentclausewithinacompoundsentence.(Chan2002:
308)
e.g.AIDSisalife-threateningsicknessthatattacksthebody’snaturaldefensesystem
againstdisease,(愛滋病是一種威脅生命的疾病,它侵襲人體內的自然免疫系統。
)
inthissentence,werepeattheantecedentbyusingpronoun.
AndrelativeclausesinChineseareleft-branching,wecannotputtoomuchinformationaheadofthenounthatismodified.Ontheotherhand,relativeclauseinEnglishisright-branching,soanouncouldbefollowedbyaverylongclauseespeciallyinnon-restrictiveclauses.Tosolvethisproblem,wecanalsousethedivisionmethod.Forexample:
e.g.TheyarestrivingfortheidealwhichisclosetotheheartofeveryChineseandforwhich,
inthepast,manyChinesehavelaiddowntheirlives.(他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这
个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生
命)inthissentence,werepeattheantecedent.
e.g.Isabelwasatallgirlwiththeovalface,straightnose,fineeyesandfullmonththat
appearedtobecharacteristicofthefamily.(伊沙貝爾是個身材高挑、橢圓臉、直鼻樑、眉
清目秀、嘴巴豐滿的姑娘,這一切看來都是他家族的特徵。
)
4.Beingtranslatedintoadverbialclauseswithincomplexsentences
Relativepronounsfunctionastheadverbialinadjectiveclauses.
SomeEnglishattributiveclausesappeartomodifytheheadword,butfunctionastheadverbial
inthecomplexsentencesifanalyzedsemantically.Thiskindofattributiveclausehasavery
closelogicrelationshipwiththemainclauseandindicatingthecause,result,purpose,time,
condition,andconcessionetc.ofthemainclause,thusclassifiedbysomescholarsas
“semi-adverbialattributiveclauses.”.WhentranslatingsuchsentencesthetranslatorcantranslatethemintocorrespondingChineseadverbialsentences.Forexample:
a).TranslatedintoChineseadverbialclauseofcause
e.g.theyarefarmorevaluableendowmentsforafemalethanthosefugitivecharmswhicha
fewyearswillinevitablytarnish(對於一位女性來說,它們好看的相貌有價值得多了,因
為紅顏難保,不過幾年便消退了。
)
b).TranslatedintoChineseadverbialclauseoftime
e.g.Thethief,whowasabouttoescape,wascaughtbythepoliceman(小偷正要逃跑時,
被員警抓住了。
)
e.g.Electricalenergythatissuppliedtoalampcanbeturnedintolightenergy(當把電供
給電燈,它就會變成光能。
)
Chinese,ontheotherhand,makesnodifferencebetweendefiningandnon-definingrelativeclauses3 —theysharethesamestructureandpunctuation.I
InthissituationtheycanbetranslatedintoChinese
attributeswith“de(的)”beforethewordsbeingmodified.Thismethodcanalsobecalled
“prepositioning”whichisthemostcommonpracticeintranslatingtheEnglishrestrictive
attributiveclause,anditisinaccordancewiththenormalorderofChinesesyntax,
e.g.2Amanwhoreallyknowshowtolearnwillalwaysbesuccessfulbecausewhenhehasto
dosomethingnewwhichhehasneverhadtodobefore,hewillrapidlyteachhimselfhowtodoitinthebestway.(一個真正懂得怎樣學習的人總是會獲得成功,因為他必須去做他從前不曾做過的工作時,他會很快掌握完成這項工作的最佳方法。
)
e.g3.ButPeter’slaugh,whichwasveryinfections,breakthesilence.(但彼特的富有感染力的笑声打破了静默。
)
Weshouldfigureoutmoreandbetterexpressionsof
Chineseinordertobefaithfultothemeaningandwritingstyles
oftheoriginaltexts,makingthetranslationmoreaccurateand
flexible.DonottranslateitintoequalChinesestructure,
What’sthatgottodowithanything?
CoherenceandtheTranslationofRelativeClauses
NickyHarman,ImperialCollege,London
ABSTRACT
Non-definingrelativeclausesinChineseposeaparticularproblemforthetranslator.Employingaright-branchingrelativeclauseinEnglishisalmostneverappropriate.Instead,connectivessuchasconjunctionshavetobeusedtoensuretheEnglishiscoherent.Thisarticlediscusseshowconceptsofcoherenceandparataxis/hypotaxiscanelucidateonewayinwhichChinesediscoursediffersfromEnglish.
KEYWORDS
Non-definingrelativeclauses;left-branching;right-branching;coherence;cohesivedevices;conjunctions,hypotaxis;parataxis.
ThereisanewfloweringofChinesetranslationtheory,asexemplifiedinthe ChineseTranslationJournal (publishedinChinese)andnumerousEnglish-languagepapers—theTranslationStudiesAbstracts/BibliographyofTranslationStudies hasanextensivelistofthese.Yetthereisstillalackofbottom-uparticleswhichtakeastheirstartingpointaparticulartranslationproblem.Ofcourse,therearesplendidexceptionstothisrule:
AnEncyclopaediaofTranslation:
Chinese-English,English-Chinese haschapterson“BodyLanguageinChinese-EnglishTranslation”and“[Translating]ColourTerms,”andthetranslationresourceswebsite PaperRepublic includesarticlesonsuchtopicsastranslatingslang.
Thisarticleonrelativeclauseshasafootinbothcamps:
itisinspiredbymyownpractice,butalsotouchesontheoriesofcoherence.Ihope,insodoing,toshedlightonhowChinese“makessense”incertaintypesofrelativeclauses.
RelativeclausesinChinese
Thewayrelativeclauses1 areformedisoneoftheclearestdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishgrammar.RelativeclausesinEnglishareright-branching,thatis,followthenountheyqualify,whereasrelativeclausesinChineseandJapaneseareleft-branching,thatis,precedethenoun.(GassandSchachter1989:
90).
Example1:
Peoplewho meditateneedtoeatanddrinkalot.
坐禅的人必须大吃大喝
Literally:
Meditate de/的peopleneedbigeatbigdrink
Theall-important de/的isthegluewhichattachestherelativeclausetotheheadword(people,inthiscase).
RelativeclausesinEnglish
InEnglish,bycontrast,relativeclausesareformedbyusingwho/which/thatandcomeaftertheheadnoun.Englishdistinguishestwotypesofrelativeclauses,definingandnon-defining(alsoknownasrestrictiveandnon-restrictive).
Peoplewhomeditate —above—isadefiningclausewhere whomeditate definesthenoun,people,andanswersthequestion“whichpeople?
”
Dogs,whicharepackanimals,makegoodcompanionsforhumans….containsanon-definingclause, whicharepackanimals.Suchclausesarealwaysseparatedfromtheheadnounbyacommaandthesentencestillmakessenseifthisclauseisremoved.
Ch
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