美国宗教-PPT(精).ppt
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美国宗教-PPT(精).ppt
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Chapter4ReligionintheUnitedStates,ReligionintheUnitedStates,Religiousliberty宗教自由Threemainfaiths三大宗教信仰Protestants新教Catholics天主教Jews犹太教ReligiousDiversity宗教的多元化AmericancharacteristicsofReligion美国的宗教特点,“WASP”culture,“WASP”,whichstandsfor“WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestants”,isbelievedtobethebasisofthemainstreamcultureoftheUnitedStates.盎格鲁撒克逊白人新教文化被认为是美国主流文化的基础。
EarlyAmericanreligions,Bythemiddleofthe18thcentury,manydifferentkindsofProtestantslivedinAmerica.Lutherans信义宗fromGermanyDutchReformedChurch荷兰归正宗flourishedinNewYorkandNewJerseyPresbyterians长老会fromScotlandHuguenots胡格诺会fromFranceCongregationalists公理会PuritansdominatedinMassachusetts,NewEnglandareaAlthoughtheChurchofEnglandwasanestablishedchurchinseveralcolonies,Protestantslivedsidebysideinrelativeharmony.,TheGreatAwakening,TheGreatAwakeningofthe1740s,a“revival”movementwhichsoughttobreathenewfeelingandstrengthintoreligion,cutacrossthelinesofProtestantsreligiousgroups,ordenominations.18世纪40年代的宗教大复兴运动力图把新的感觉和新的力量注入北美各殖民地人民的宗教信仰中去。
这次“复兴”运动打破了新教各派的界限。
18世纪中期北美殖民地的新教复兴运动。
发起人为到北美传道的荷兰归正教会牧师富瑞林怀森。
该运动以奋兴传道方式来激发信徒的宗教情感。
运动的主要领导人爱德华滋和怀特菲尔德均强调宗教感情和个人对上帝的爱,大大促进了宗教生活的自由化、个人化和民主化。
由于该运动着重强调个人的悔改重生,倡导严格的道德和敬虔的生活,所以被认为是1718世纪初德国虔敬派和英国福音奋兴派在北美的回音。
JohnLockereasonedthattherighttogoverncomesfromanagreementor“socialcontract”voluntarilyenteredintobyfreepeople.自理的权力来自于一种协议,或社会契约,这是由自由民众自愿缔结的。
AfewAmericanweresoinfluencedbythenewscienceandnewideasoftheenlightenmentinEurope欧州的启蒙运动thattheybecamedeists自然神论者,believingthatreasonteachesthatGodexistbutleavesmanfreetosettlehisownaffairs相信理智教导人们上帝是存在的,但上帝允许人类自由地处理自己的事物,自然神论者推崇理性原则,把上帝解释为非人格的始因的宗教哲学理论。
自然神论,又称理神论。
在著名的英语词典中,把自然神论定义为“那些只承认一位上帝,不接受任何启示宗教的人们的观念”。
自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义,否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”;认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”;上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”,它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务,而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去;主张用“理性宗教”或“自然宗教”代替“天启宗教,Manyprotestantsanddeistscouldagree“allmenarecreatedequal,endowedwithcertainunalienablerights”and“thelawsofNatureandNaturesGod”entitledthemtoformanewnation.自然规律和创造自然的上帝赋于他们权力建立一个新国家,ReligiousLiberty,Amongtherightsthatnewnationguaranteed,freedomofreligionwaspoliticalnecessityinareligiouslydiversesociety.TheFirstAmendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesforbadethenewfederalgovernmenttogivespecialfavorstoanyreligionortohinderthefreepractice,orexercise,ofreligion.TheUnitedStateshavenostate-supportedreligion.Thegovernmentsupportsallreligions.,Thepolicymakerhopetoinsurethatdiversityofreligiousbeliefswouldneverbecomethesourceofsocialorpoliticalinjusticeordisaffection.AmericancourtshavebecomemoresensitiveinrecentyearstotherightsofpeoplewhodonotbelieveinanyGodorreligion.Protestantreligionandrepublicanformsofgovernment,theyfelt,wenthandinhand(agreeable).,“threefaiths”modeloftheunitedstates,Bythe1950s,akindof“threefaiths”modeloftheunitedstateshaddeveloped.protestant,catholicandJewish,ThemajorityofAmericans(60%)belongtotheprotestantchurchMaindenominationsoftheprotestantchurch新教的主要教派theBaptistswhiteandblack浸礼教派20branchestheMethodists卫理公派教徒Diversityofprotestants新教派别Othersmalldenominations小教派,ProtestantsintheUnitedStates,TheBaptistarethelargestprotestantgroupTheybelieveinadultbaptismbyimmersion,symbolizingamatureandresponsibleconversionexperience.他相信将身体浸在水中的成年人洗礼仪式,认为这象征转变为成熟和负有责任心,TheBaptist,Therewere25millionmembersofBaptists(19.4%ofthepopulation)asamainstrength,whichweredividedmorethan20branchesandconcentratedinsouthernbiblebeltintheU.S.,SomeWhiteBaptistshaveliberalattitudestowardtheblacksandstandupcourageouslyindifficultcircumstancesfortheirbeliefsintheequalityofallhumanbeingsbeforeGodThemajoritypracticedtheirChristianbeliefswiththeirracialprejudiceMostblacksareBaptisttoo,buttheygotodifferentchurchesfromthewhite.,Methodists,Methodists(2ndlargestinProtestant)adherentsofthegroupwhichgrewupin18thcenturyfollowingtheleadofJohnWesleyinEngland.MostMethodistsareunitedintheMethodistChurch,whichhasaformofservicebasedonthatofthechurchofEngland,Diversityofprotestants,Therearemorethan100otherprotestantsects,withcombinedmembershipofmorethan20millionTheyexpressvarietyratherthandoctrinalschism教义上的差别Someextremelyintolerant(highlyemotionalandhystericalapproach)/Somepragmaticinadaptingthemselvestomodernsociety.,Fourofthesmallersectsarereallyquitelarge,with2millionormoremembers.ThereareLatterDaySaints,thechurchesofChrist,theunitedChurchofChristandtheInternationalconventionofDisciplesofChrist.现代基督教圣徒派,耶稣教,联合耶稣教,国际耶稣信徒会,Catholics,ThelargestsinglereligiousgroupisthatofRomaCatholicsMoreAmericansareoftheRomanCatholicfaithThemajority
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