考研英语第19套题.docx
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考研英语第19套题.docx
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考研英语第19套题
第十九套题
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text107.8
Wheneverthephrase“compensationculture”isused,anactivecoalitionoftradeunionists,WhitehallofficialsandLeft-leaningpublicationsleapintoactiontodenythatsuchathingexistsinBritain.Theypointoutthatthenumberofclaimshasbeenfallingforthepasttwoorthreeyears,thattheaveragepay-outislow,thatitisn’teasytogetcompensation,andthatthemediablowupabsurdcasesthatcometocourtbutburythefactthatthecasesubsequentlyfailed.Allthismaybetrue;yetitisequallyundeniableinthisweekendthatmarksthe40thanniversaryoftheAberfandisaster,thatacompensationcultureexiststodaywhereitneverdidbefore.
It’shardtoreadaboutthatdayinMerthyrTydfilwithoutyourfeelingswellingup.Ontheonehand,theexampleofthedeputyheadmasterfounddeadwithfivechildreninhisarms,asifprotectingthem.Ontheother,thelife-on-MarsbehaviouroftheCoalBoard,whichdemanded£150,000outofthe£160,000relieffundinordertomovetheslagheaps.Andyetthevillagersrefusedtosuetheboardasthatwouldbe“tobowtovengeance”.
Then,agenerationlaterin1990,ayoungwomanissuedawritsuingtheboardforthepsychologicaldamageshesufferedasawitnesstotheevents.Shereceivedmorethananyofthemoreproximatevictims.Whatevertherightsandwrongsofherclaim,itdemonstratedaverysignificantsocialshift:
acompensationculturedidn’texistatthetimeofthedisasterin1966buthadclearlystartedtoform25yearslater.Anditevolvedrapidly.NineyearsaftertheHillsboroughdisasterin1989,anumberofpoliceofficerswhohadattendedthecarnageatthefootballgroundclaimedsubstantialpaymentsforposttraumaticstress.Aformersergeantgot£300,000.Fourteenotherofficersaccepted£1.2millionbetweenthem.PhilHammond,wholosta14-year-oldson,received£3,500.Hecalledthepaymentstothepolice(whobelongedtoanorganisationthathadcausedthedisastertohappen,asLordJusticeTaylorreported)“disgusting”.
Theculturehasnowmutatedandweheardailyreportsofitsmanifestations.Itisinthiscontextthatyoucanconnectawiderangeofdifferentphenomena.Thefactthatcansofnutspresentthewarning“Containsnuts”isconnectedtothefactthatteacherswon’tputaplasteronyourchild’skneewithoutwrittenconsent,whichisalsoconnectedtothefactthattensofthousandsofgravestonesalloverthecountryarebeinglaidflat.Why?
Becausepeoplesueforcompensationwhenthingsgowrong.
Theauthoritiessayit’stodowithpublicsafety;itisn’ttrue.Achildwaskilledwhenagravestonefellonhim.Butthecouncilsreactedonlywhena£30,000awardwasmadetothemotherthreeyearslater.Itisthecosttothepublicpursecausedbycompensationcasesthatproducesthisbizarrebehaviour.It’sthethreatoflegalsuitandlargepay-outsthatgivebitetoHealthandSafetyprocedures.[530words]
1.WhatdoestheexampleoftheAberfandisasterillustrate?
[A]Disastervictimsdon’ttendtogetpropercompensation.
[B]Compensationculturedidn’texistinBritain.
[C]Theauthorities’statementsarefarfromtruth.
[D]Thepublicwaspoorlyeducatedconcerningitslegalrights.
2.Whenmentioning“awiderangeofdifferentphenomena”(Lines2,Paragraph4),theauthoristalkingabout.
[A]allkindsofsuesforcompensation[B]exaggeratedmediareportsofcases
[C]precautionarymeasuresagainstlawsuits[D]thebeneficiariesofcompensationculture
3.Theauthorbelievesthatsafetyprocedureshavenowbeendrawnupbecauseof.
[A]theconsiderationofpublicsafety[B]thedenialofcompensationculture
[C]thepressurefromthepublic[D]thefearofcompensation
4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?
[A]TheBritishgovernmenthasattachedimportancetocompensationculture.
[B]OneindirectvictimofAberfandisasterhasbeencompensated.
[C]AllHillsboroughvictimshavebeengrantedgoodcompensation.
[D]thecouncilsreactedswiftlytothegravestoneaccident.
5.Towardcompensationculture,thewriter’sattitudecanhesaidtobe.
[A]supportive[B]objective[C]disgusted[D]indifferent
Text207.6
Theprovisionofpositiveincentivestoworkinthenewsocietywillnotbeaneasytask.Butthemostdifficulttaskofallistodevisetheultimateandfinalsanctiontoreplacetheultimatesanctionofhunger—theeconomicwhipoftheolddispensation.Moreover,inasocietywhichrightlyrejectsthepretenceofseparatingeconomicsfrompoliticsanddeniestheautonomyoftheeconomicorder,thatsanctioncanbefoundonlyinsomeconsciousactofsociety.Wecannolongerasktheinvisiblehandtodoourdirtyworkforus.
IconfessthatIamlesshorror-struckthansomepeopleattheprospect,whichseemstomeunavoidable,ofanultimatepowerofwhatiscalleddirectionoflabourrestinginsomearmofsociety,whetherinanorganofstateoroftradeunions.IshouldindeedbehorrifiedifIidentifiedthisprospectwithareturntotheconditionsofthepre-capitalistera.Theeconomicwhipoflaissez-faireundoubtedlyrepresentedanadvanceontheserf-likeconditionsofthatperiod:
inthatrelativesense,theclaimofcapitalismtohaveestablishedforthefirsttimeasystemof“free”labourdeservesrespect.ButthedirectionoflabourasexercisedinGreatBritainintheSecondWorldWarseemstometorepresentasgreatanadvanceovertheeconomicwhipoftheheydayofcapitalistprivateenterpriseastheeconomicwhiprepresentedoverpre-capitalistserfdom.
Muchdependsontheeffectivenessofthepositiveincentives,much,too,onthesolidarityandself-disciplineofthecommunity.Afterall,underthesystemoflaissez-fairecapitalismthefearofhungerremainedanultimatesanctionratherthanacontinuouslyoperativeforce.Itwouldhavebeenintolerableiftheworkerhadbeennormallydriventoworkbyconsciousfearofhunger;nor,exceptintheearlyandworstdaysoftheIndustrialRevolution,didthatnormallyhappen.Similarlyinthesocietyofthefuturethepowerofdirectionshouldberegardednotsomuchasaninstrumentofdailyusebutratherasanultimatesanctionheldinreservewherevoluntarymethodsfail.Itisinconceivablethat,inanyperiodorinanyconditionsthatcannowbeforeseen,anyorganofstateinGreatBritainwouldbeinaposition,evenifithadthewill,tomarshalanddeploythelabourforceoverthewholeeconomybymilitarydisciplinelikeanarmyinthefield.This,likeothernightmaresofatotallyplannedeconomy,canbelefttothosewholiketofrightenthemselvesandotherswithscarecrows.[439words]
6.Theword“sanction”(Line2,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto.
[A]correctivemeasures[B]encouragingmethods
[C]preventiveefforts[D]revolutionaryactions
7.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthefirstparagraph?
[A]Peopleusedtobeforcedtoworkunderwhips.
[B]Theauthordislikesthefunctionofpoliticsineconomy.
[C]Incentivesarealwayslessavailablethanregulations.
[D]Peoplehaveaninstinctofworkinglessandgettingmore.
8.Theauthor’sattitudestowardsfuture,asisindicatedinthebeginningofthesecondparagraph,isoneof.
[A]reluctantacceptance[B]sheerpessimism
[C]mildoptimism[D]extremehopefulness
9.Theauthorofthetextseemstoopposetheideaof.
[A]freemarket[B]militarycontrol
[C]strictregulations[D]unrestrainedlabors
10.Thelastsentenceofthetextindicatestheauthor’s.
[A]hatred[B]affection[C]stubbornness[D]rejection
Text307.8
IftheBritishgovernment’splanstointroduceidentitycardsstayontrack,Britonswill,withinthreeyears,begintoreceivecardscontainingpersonaldetails,togetherwithadigitalphotograph,fingerprintsandanirisscan.Anationthathasnotpossessedidentitycardssince1952will,inastep,acquiretheworld’smostcomplexsystem.
Attheheartoftheschemeisanationalidentityregister,whichwillrecordbasicpersonaldetails:
name,sex,dateandplaceofbirth,address,nationality,immigrationstatusandthenumbersofdocumentssuchasdriver’slicencesandpassports.Thosewhofearthelengtheningarmofthestateshouldnotethatallofthisinformation(andagooddealmore)isalreadyingovernmenthands.Norwilltheregisterbeapatchonsomecommercialdatabases.PieterKasselmanofCybertrust,aninformation-securitycompany,pointsoutthatconsumerdataandcredit-referencecompaniesalreadyknowmuchmoreaboutwhatpeoplegetupto.
Thebeautyofthenewdatabase,fromthegovernment’spointofview,isthattheinformationitholdsonacitizenwillbedependableandreliablylinkedtothatperson.Theerrorsandmultipleentriesthatplagueexistingsystemsoughttobeeliminated.Asaresult,andthankstotheintroductionofauniqueidentifyingnumber,governmentdepartmentswillbeabletoshareinformationmuchmoreeasily.Atthemoment,itisoftendifficulttoknowwhethertheJohnBullknowntooneagencyistheJohnBullknowntoanother.
Prophetsoftechnologicaldoomwillprobablybedisappointedbyasystemthatoughttosuffernomorethantheusualteethingtroubles.AlthoughgovernmentITprojectshaveanunhappyrecordinBritain,serioustroublehasusuallycomenotfromtechnology,butfromextraburdensandbureaucraticreformsbroughtinatthesametime.In1999,forexample,thePassportAgencytriedtoupgradeitscomputersystemwhilechangingtherulesaboutwhohadtoapplyforapassport.Fifty-daydelaysandangryqueuesweretheresult.Identitycardswillbephasedingradually,aspeople
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