定语从句学生版doc.docx
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定语从句学生版doc.docx
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定语从句学生版doc
定语从句
(一)定义
1)在复合句中(一个句子的某一成分由句子承担),修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句;在句中起定语的作用.
2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做__________.
1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.
2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.
(二):
关系词的作用;
1.连接主句和从句。
2.代表被修饰的先行词。
3.在定语从句作一个句子成分。
eg.ThisistheroomwhichIlivedinlastyear.
(三):
定语从句中有__________who,whom,whose,which,that,as.
__________when,where,why等引导定语从句。
(四):
用关系代词还是用关系副词?
关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,表语或定语,关系副词在从句中作状语,选用什么样的关系词,要由它在定语从句中______________来决定。
关系代词
关系词
先行词
充当成分
who
人
主、宾、表
whom
人
宾
that
人&物
主、宾、表
which
物
主、宾、表
as
物
主、宾
whose=ofwhom\ofwhich
人&物
定语
关系副词
when=at\in\on\duringwhich
时间
状
where=at\in\towhich
地点
状
why=forwhich
原因
状
that在口语中可以代替关系副词
以上三者
状
关系词所作的成分关键是由从句中的动词来决定的
Thisistheplace________wework.
Thisistheplace________wevisited.
种类
先行词
关联词
例句
说明
定
语
从
句
(人)在从句中做主语或宾语
(物)在从句中做主语或宾语
who
which
Thisisthedoctor________savedtheboy’slife.
Sheisthenewstudent_______Iwanttointroducetoyou.
Pleasepassmethebook_______islyingonthetable.
Thenovel________Tomboughtisveryinteresting.
Canyoulendmethemagazine__________youtalkedyesterday?
who在从句中做主语;whom在从句中做宾语,口语中who可以代替whom,也可以省去,但做介词宾语时只能用whom
which在从句中做主语。
which充当宾语时可以省去。
which做介词宾语不可省
定
语
从
句
人
或
物
的
whose
Theprofessor_________daughterteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams
=Theprofessor,thedaughter___________teachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams.
Thebike_______brakewasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.
=Thebikethebrake_________wasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired
whose在从句中做定语
指某人的也可以用…ofwhom代替whose
指物时也可以用…ofwhich代替whose
人
或
物
that
Thewoman_______isplayingthepianoisMissZhang.
I’dliketoseethefilms_______arejustonshow.
that指人或物,做主语、宾语,作宾语时可省去。
时
间
when
Hecameatatime______we.neededhimmost.
We’llneverforgettheday______thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.
在定语从句中作时间状语
地点
where
Thisistheroom________heputupforthenight.
在定语从句中作地点状语
原因
理由
why
Iknowthereason________shestudiessowell.
在定语从句中作原因状语
(五):
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
从句与先行词的关系
从句是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果省去,主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。
从句只是对先行词的附加说明,如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整
标 点
从句和主句之间不用逗号分开
从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开
关
系
代
词
指人who(that)whom
指物which(that)
人和物的whose
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去
指人who(作主语)whom(做宾语)
指物which
人和物的whose
关系代词一般不可省
修饰
从句只修饰一个名词或代词
可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句
Cf:
Hehasabrotherwhoisaphysicist.
Themanwholivesnextdoorisadoctor.
Tom,whoservedus,istheowneroftherestaurant.
Thestudent,wholivesfarfromschool,istheleaderoftheirfootballmatch.
(六)关系代词that和which的区别
<1>只能用that的情况
(1)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none,few等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。
E.g.Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.
I’minterestedineverythingthatIdon’tknow.
(2)如果先行词被all,little,none,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which.
E.g.AllthemoneythatwascollectedwasgiventotheHopeProject.
(3)如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词常用that,不用which。
E.g.ThisisthelastfactorythatIvisited.
ThisisthefunniestthingthatIeverheard.
(4)如果先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which.
E.g.Heistheonlypersonthatisbelievable.
Johnistheverypersonthatshewantstosee.
(5)当先行词中同时含有人和物时,关系代词应该用that,而不用who,which.
E.g.Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.
Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.
(6)在who,which引导的特殊疑问句中,为避免重复,关系代词用that.
E.g.Whoisthepersonthatisstandingthere?
WhichofusthatknowsEnglishdoesn’tknowthis?
(7)关系代词作表语时,关系代词用that.
E.g.Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.
Chinaisn’tthecountryitusedtobe.
<2>只能用which的情况
1)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。
Thereareaboutsevenmillionpeopletakingpartintheelection,mostof________arewell-educated.
Beijing,________isChina’scapital,isrichinculture.
2)当先行词为that或those,用来指物时,关系代词用which;指人时,用who;不能用关系代词that。
What'sthat_______flashedintheskyjustnow?
Those________breaktherulesshouldbepunished.
3)当关系代词前有介词,指物时用which,指人时用who.
Thisistheroom_________helived.
Idon’tknowtheman_________youtalked.
Thechair_________heissittingismadeofwood.
4)引导非限制性定语从句时用which,which可以作主语,宾语或表语。
Hesucceededinthecompetition,_________madehisparentsveryhappy.
5)关系代词后面有插入语时,益用关系代词which.
HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelptoimproveyourEnglish.
(七)介词+关系代词
(1)“介词+关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
“介词+关系代词“结构中关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。
其中whom指代人,which指代物。
Whoisthecomrade____________youshookhands?
Givemethebookthecover_________isred.
Heistheman_______fatherisateacher.
=Heisthemanthefather___________isateacher.
Thisistheneighborhood___________Iborrowedthebicycle.
(2)关系代词前的介词如何确定?
A.依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配
Mr.Smithboughtanewhouse_________hespentallhismoney.
Haveyoufoundthebook___________Ipaid$10.
B.依据先行词的习惯搭配确定
Therewasnoway_________itcouldbeboughtbacktotheearth.
C.根据所表达的意思确定
Thegas___________doctorscansavethepatientsiscalledoxygen.
Thegas___________wecannotliveiscalledoxygen.
(3)注意关系代词的位置
介词在关系代词前时,只能用which和whom,不能用that代替,也不可省略;介词在句尾时,关系代词可which,that,whom,who,而且还可以省略。
Cf:
ThisisthedrawerinwhichIputmyletters.
=Thisisthedrawer(which/that)Iputmylettersin.
HaveyouseenthepenwithwhichIwrotelettersthismorning?
=Haveyouseenthepen(which/that)Iwroteletterswiththismorning?
那就是他工作的大学.(多重表达)
E.g.
注意点:
像listento,lookat,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。
E.g.Thisistheboy_______shehastakencareof.
Thisisthebook________Iamlookingfor.
Thisisthegirl_________Ihavebeenlookingforthewholeafternoon.
(八)whose引导从句的意义
1)指人=ofwhom"...人的",在定语从句中作定语.
Achild_______parentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.
2)指物=ofwhich"...物的"
Iliveintheroom________windowfacessouth.
Iliveintheroom,thewindow________facessouth.
注意点:
名词+of+which/whom可与whose+n.相互转换。
(of表所属关系)
(九)as与which
A)相同之处:
都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的主句所表达的内容。
which/as可做主语,宾语或表语,其先行词是整个主句或主句的一部分。
Hesucceededinthecomposition,________madehisparentsveryhappy.
Sheisverypatient,______isshowninherwork.
B)区别:
1)as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面.中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
例如:
1)Asweallknow,Galileo’stheoryoffallingobjectsisright.
=Galileo’stheoryoffallingobjects,asweallknow,isright
=Galileo’stheoryoffallingobjectsisright,asweallknow.
2)Hewasthrownintoprison,whichgotroundthroughoutourvillage
3)Asisexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.
4)Theearthrunsaroundthesun,asisknowntoeveryone.
5)Hewaslateagain,whichmademeunhappy
6)Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.
2)as有“如”、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义,which没有。
后面的谓语动词多是see,know,expect,say,mention,report等,大多是一种固定搭配。
Bobdidanexcellentjob,aswehadexpected.
Ourteamwonthegame,whichmadeushappy.
Asisknowntoall,TaiwanispartofChina.
3)as在引导限制性定语从句多与such/so或thesame连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
thesame…as
such/so….as
Thisisthesamestoryashetoldme.
Ihopetogetsuchabookasheisusing.
4)thesame…as与thesame..that的区别:
Cf:
ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.
ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.
such...as与such...that的区别:
Cf:
Heissuchawarm-heartedman______wealllike.
Heissuchawarm-heartedman______wealllikehim.
Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowprice______peopleexpected.
(十)关系代词做主语,谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。
Iwanttoseethefilmthat_______onshow.
Thestudentswho_______studyhardwillnotpasstheexam.
(十一)oneofthe…与theonlyoneofthe…做先行词时谓语不一致。
LiBaiisoneofthegreatestpoetsthat___________(live)inChina.
LiBaiistheonlyoneofthegreatestpoetsthat___________(live)inChina.
Thisisoneofthebooksthat_______________(write)inChinese.
Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthat_______________(write)inChinese.
Heisoneoftheboyswho________(be)willingtodoit.
Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswho________(be)willingtodoit.
(十二)关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词在从句中分别表示时间,地点或原因。
(关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where充当地点状语,why充当原因状语。
)
when表示时间,充当时间状语when=on/in/of/at…+which
Istillremembertheday_________Ijointheparty
Iwillneverforgettheday________IfirstcametoBeijing.
注意点:
当先行词是表地点:
place,room,mountain,airport等;时间:
time,day,year,month,week,等;原因:
reason等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时,应用where,when,why引导。
但是如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语,而是做主语,宾语,或者表语时,必须用关系代词that/which来引导而不是用where等。
Istillremembertheday________wespenttogether。
May1istheday_______Iwillneverforget。
TheYangtzeGorgesisabeautifulplace_________peopleallovertheworldlookforwardtovisiting.
Isthisthereason_______hegaveusforbeinglate?
Thisisthefactory_______wevisited
Thatisthehouse______helivedin.
2.当先行词为bythetime,anytime,theway,everytime,thefirsttime,thelasttime时,关系词不用when而用that.或省略
ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.
ThefirsttimeIsawhimwasin1980
Bythetimehewas14hehadlearnedadvancedmathematics
3.当先行词为way时,在从句中作状语时,关系词用inwhich,that,或省略.
Thisistheway________hesmiles.
Cf:
Thisistheway________hegavetosolvetheproblem.
4.why表示原因(先行词通常是reason,做原因状语。
)why=forwhich
Thatisthereason________hewaslate.
5.where引导定语从句时,先行词既可以是明确的地点,也可以是抽象的地点,或指某种状态或场合。
常见的先行词有:
situation,
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