Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期教案资料.docx
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Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期教案资料.docx
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Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期教案资料
TheRenaissance
Historicalbackground:
Thebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism;Theenclosure;thewaroftheRoses;thestrengtheningoftheabsolutemonarchy;theriseofthebourgeoisie;thedefeatoftheSpanishArmada.
Newsocialandeconomicconditionsbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthedevelopmentofscienceandart.Sowiththestrengtheningofnewbourgeoisnationalstate,thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationalcultureknownastheRenaissance.
Renaissance:
Arebith,revivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)arts,literatureandsciencesbetween14thandmid17thcenturiesinEurope,thegreatestageofhumanaccomplishments.
TwostrikingfeaturesoftheRenaissance
1)Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;
2)Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity(PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworldandturnedtoadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement);
Renaissancemarksthetransitionfrommedievaltomodernworld,fromfeudaltocapitalist,fromreligioustosecularsociety.InthisperiodtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstoabolisholdfeudalideasinmedievalEurope(thechurch-centeredculturewhichwerecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism.)andtointroducenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie(humanism,theman-centeredcultureinwhichmanisthemeasureofallthings.),andtocarryourreligiousreformation.
RenaissancedidnotbegintoshowitseffectinEnglanduntilthereignofHenryVIII(1509-1547)owingtoEngland’sseparationfromtheContinentanditsdomesticunrest.EncouragedbyHenryVIII,theOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanistsintroducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.Fromthebeginningofthe16thc,theEnglishRenaissancewitnessedthebriskdevelopmentofliterature:
thetranslationofancientEnglish,ItalianandFrenchworks,aswellasclassicalworksofGreeceandRome;booksofdiscoveriesandadventures;thefloweringofsonnets;thehighestgloryoftheEnglishrenaissanceisitsdrama(theElizabethandrama).ThiswasEngland’sgoldenageinliterature.ThereappearedmanyliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Jonson,Sidney,Marlowe,BaconandDonne.
Humanism:
TheRenaissancewasmarkedbythespreadofhumanism,thekeynote(thegreatspirit)ofRenaissance.ItsprangasaresultofrediscoveryandrestudyoftheGreekandRomancivilizationwhichisbasedontheconceptionthatthemanisthemeasureofallthings,theman-centeredculture.Itstandsfordevotiontothehumanevaluesrepresentedinclassicalliterature.
WhilethemedievalCatholicteachings(thechurch-centeredculture)werecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism,theRenaissancehumanistsemphasizedthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife;theybelievedhumanbeingsweregloriouscreatures;mancanliveahappyandmeaningfullifeonearth;mancanimprovehisconditionwitheffortandchangetheworldaccordingtohisdesire.Manhastherighttopursuepersonalhappiness,knowledgeandwealth.Humanismhelpedtocivilizeman,tomakehimrealizehispotentialpowersandgifts.Itcontributedagreatdealtotheprogressofhumansociety.Itrepresentedthenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie.ThomasMore,MarloweandShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.Thehumanisticideasandbeliefpermeatedtheliteratureofthisperiod.
ChristopherMarlowe-------thegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama
I.Literaryachievement:
blankverse(unrhymediambicpentameter)
II.Artisticallimitations:
III.Majorplays:
Tamburlaine(贴木耳大帝)
TheJewofMalta(马尔他岛的犹太人)
DoctorFaustus(浮士德博士)
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
Life
Works
Duringhis22yearsofliterarycareerheproduced37plays,Twonarrativepoems,154sonnets.
Dramaticcareer
Thefirstperiod----Earlyperiod(1590-1594)
2historicalplays:
HenryVI(亨利六世)
RichardIII(理查德三世),
4comedies:
TheComedyofErrors(错误的喜剧)(错中错)
TheTwoGentlemenofVerona(维洛那二绅士)
TheTamingoftheShrew(训悍记)
Love’sLabour’sLost(爱的徒劳)
1tragedy:
RomeoandJuliet
Thesecondperiod----matureperiod(1595-1600)
Aperiodofgreatcomediesandmaturehistoricalplays
6comedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream(仲夏夜之梦)
TheMerchantofVenice(威尼斯商人)
TheMerryWivesofWindsor(温莎的风流娘儿们)
MuchAdoaboutNothing(无事生非)
AsYouLikeIt(皆大欢喜)
TwelfthNight(第十二夜)
5historicalplays:
RichardII
HenryIV(Parts1and2)
HenryV
KingJohn
1Romantragedy:
JuliusCaesar(尤利乌斯·恺撒)
Thethirdperiod-----Flourishingperiod(Tragicperiod)(1601-1607)
Aperiodofgreattragediesanddarkcomedies
5tragedies:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,TimonofAthens
3comedies:
TroilusandCressida(特洛伊洛斯与克瑞西达)
All’sWellThatEndsWell(终成眷属)
MeasureforMeasure(一报还一报)
2RomanTragedies:
AntonyandCleopatra(安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉)
Coriolanus(科里奥拉鲁斯)
Thefourthperiod----Lateperiod(1608-1612)
4romanticdrama(romancesortragicomedies):
Theseplaysportrayawiderangeoftragiceventsanddifficultconditions,buttheyallendinreconciliationandreunion.
Pericles(佩里克利斯),Cymbeline(辛白林)
TheTempest(暴风雨),TheWinter’sTale(冬天的故事)
1historicalplay:
HenryVIII
Fourgreatcomedies
AMidsummerNight’sDream(仲夏夜之梦)
TheMerchantofVenice(威尼斯商人)
AsYouLikeIt(皆大欢喜)
TwelfthNight(第十二夜)
Fourgreattragedies
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,
Tragedy
Classicaltragedians:
Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯PremetheusBound),Sophocles(索福克勒斯OedipusTyrannus),Euripites(欧里庇得斯)
Thetragichero—asignificantperson,usuallyamemberofthenobility,aleader,awise,justandgoodman
Tragicflaw—acharacterdefectwhichcausesthedownfallofthetragichero
Tragedy
Tragedieswereconcernedwiththeharshnessandapparentinjusticeinlife.Theyinvolvedthetrialsandeventfuldeathofaherowhowasanimportantpersonandwhosedeathledtothedownfallofothers.
1.Thecentralcharactersarealwayspeopleofimportance,likekings,queens,prince,general,nobles
2.Atragicheroisoftenaflawedgoodman;oftenthehero’sfallfromhappinesswasduetoaweaknessinhischaracter,bysomegreaterrorinhispart
3.supernaturalbeingsareofteninvolvedintheconflictofhumanbeings,likegods,spirits,witches,ghosts
4.Sadnessismixedwithhorror,murder,treacheryandbloodshedding
Catharsis(净化)—purgationofaudienceemotionssuchaspity,anger,fear;theaudiencefeelrelievedorpurgedwhentheyleavethetheatre.
Catharsisorcatharticeffectoftragedies:
Tragediesgiveanoutletforsuchemotionsasgreed,hatred,lust,fearandpity.Thetragicactionarousesfeelingsofaweintheaudience,whooftenleavethetheaterwitharenewedsenseoftheseriousnessandsignificanceofhumanlife.Thewordcatharsisisoftenusedtodescribetheaudience’sfeelings.Itmeansthepurgingfromthemindofthefeelingsofpityandfeartheplayhasarousedwhentheyleavethetheater.
RomeoandJuliet
Hisearliestsuccessintragedy,fullofpoetryandromance.Itsscenesofyouthandlovearepaintedinbrilliantcolors.Thereisnotingeofpessimismintheplay.Thoughatragedy,theplayisoptimisticinspirit.Itisasongoftheoptimisticyouth,love,witandcourageoftheearlyrisingyoungmenandwomenagainstthedrab.
Hamlet
Hamletasatypicaltragichero:
aherooftheRenaissanceperiodandarepresentativeofhumanism
Goodqualities:
noble-minded,brave,intelligent,learned,withastrongsenseofjustice,lovedandrespectedbyhispeople;
Weaknesses:
rash,impulsive,indecisive,sometimescanbecruel,harshandcoarse
Histragicflawislackofemotionalbalance;eitheractsrashly,withoutthinking,ordoesn’tactquicklyandfirmlyenough.Hisindecisiveness,hisinabilitytoactwhenactionisneeded,isoneofthemajorcausesforhisdownfall.
Hamlet’ssoliloquy(SeeAnthologyp76-77)
(Situation)Hamlet'sendurancehasreachedthebreakingpoint.Hisfatherhasbeenmurdered.Hismother,whohelovesdearly,hasmarriedherdeadhusband'sbrother.Moreoverhissweetheart,Ophelia,hasbeenactingverystrangely.Hesensesthatshedoesnotlovehimanymore.Now,he'sallalone.Theworldthatheknewisshattered.Hisblackmoodofdespairisdeepenedbyhisinabilitytoact-todosomethingtochangethesituation.
Nowheponderswhethertocontinueliving-ortotakehisownlife.
生存还是毁灭,这是个必须回答的问题:
是否应默默的忍受坎坷命运之无情打击,
还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,
并将其克服。
此二抉择,就竟是哪个较崇高?
死即睡眠,它不过如此!
倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患,
那么,此结局是可盼的!
死去,睡去...
但在睡眠中可能有梦,啊,这就是个阻碍:
当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊,
在死之长眠中会有何梦来临?
它令我们踌躇,
使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾,
否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨,
如暴君之政、骄者之傲、失恋之痛、法章之慢、贪官之侮、或庸民之辱,
假如他能简单的一刃了之?
还有谁会肯去做牛做马,终生疲於操劳,
默默的忍受其苦其难,而不远走高飞,飘於渺茫之境,
倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前?
此境乃无人知晓之邦,自古无返者。
所以,理智就使我们都变成了懦夫,
使得那果断的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜,
本来可以做出伟大的事业,
由于思虑就化为乌有了,丧失了行动的能力。
美丽的欧菲利亚,可爱的小姐,在你的祈祷中可别忘了我的罪孽。
WhatHamletismusingonisthecomparisonbetweenthepainoflife,whichheseesasinevitable(theseaoftroubles-theslingsandarrows-theheart-ache-thethousandnaturalshocks)andthefearoftheuncertaintyofdeathandofpossibledamnationofsuicide.
1.Isitbettertoenduresilentlytheblowsandagonythatlifeinflictsonmanwithoutlogicorreason,ortoriseupagainstamassoftroublesandendthembyfightingback?
2.Whowouldbeartheinsultsandmiseriesofthisworld,thecrueltiesandtyrannyoftheoppressors,thehumiliationandcontemptfromthearrogantpeople,theheart-breakingpaincausedbyreject
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