《英语词汇学》知识点归纳.docx
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《英语词汇学》知识点归纳.docx
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《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
EnglishLexicology(英语词汇学)
Lexicology:
isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.
Chapter1--Basicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary
Word:
Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.
(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage
(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence
Soundandmeaning:
almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”
Soundandform:
不统一的四个原因
(1)theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother
(2)thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears
(3)someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes
(4)theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary
词汇Vocabulary:
allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary
词语分类ClassificationofEnglishWords:
1.Byusefrequency:
basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabulary
基本词汇的特征:
1)All-Nationalcharacter(全民通用性mostimportant)2)Stability
3)Productivity(多产性)4)Polysemy(多义性)5)Collocability(可搭配性)
没有上述特征的词:
(1)Terminology(术语)
(2)Jargon(行话)(3)slang(俚语)(4)Argot(暗语)(5)Dialectalwords(6)Archaisms(古语)(7)Neologisms(新词语):
Neologisms
2.Bynotion:
contentwords实词&functionalwords虚词
3.Byorigin:
nativewords&borrowedwords
Nativewords(本族语词):
Twootherfeatures:
(1)neutralinstyle
(2)frequentinuse
Borrowedwords/Loanwords:
wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)
1)denizens(同化词,融入英语):
(shirtfromskyrta(ON))
2)aliens(非同化词/外来词,可以看出源头):
kowtow
3)translationloans(译借词):
按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee/tofu
4)semanticloans(借义词):
theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowedpioneer本指开拓者,先引申为先锋。
Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary
印欧语系TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily
TheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages(8大印欧语群)
TheEasternset:
(1)TheBalto-slavicGroup(波罗的-斯拉夫语族):
Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.
(2)TheIndo-IranianGroup(印度-伊朗语族):
Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.
(3)TheArmenianGroup(亚美尼亚语族):
Armenian.
(4)TheAlbanianGroup(阿尔巴尼亚语族):
Albanian.
TheWesternset:
(5)TheHellenicGroup(古希腊语族):
Greek.
(6)TheItalianGroup(意大利语族):
Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian)etc.
(7)TheCelticGroup(凯尔特语族):
Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.
(8)TheGermanicGroup(日耳曼语族):
Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.
三个发展阶段TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:
1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):
wasIhighinflectedlanguage.
2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):
retainesmuchfewerinflections(1066法国开始入侵英国)
3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)始于印刷术
英语外来元素Foreignelements:
Latin(warandagriculture/罗马人把基督教带到英国churchterms)
Greek(science/sports/medicine/politics)
French(governmentandadministration/feudalism/religion/morality)
Scandinavian纳维亚人(nouns、pronouns/birds/sea)
Minorelements:
Italian、German、Dutch、SpanishandPortuguese、Celtic
词汇的发展模式ModesofVocabularyDevelopment:
1)创造新词creation:
theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexisting.
2)旧词新义semanticchange:
createmanymorenewuseagesofthewords.
3)借用外来词borrowing:
constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwords
Chapter3WordFormationI
词素Morpheme:
thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords
词素变体Allomorph:
isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme,differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning
词素的分类TypeofMorpheme
(1)FreeMorphemes:
Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(independent).
(2)BoundMorpheme:
Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.
FreeMorpheme=freeroot
Morpheme(词素)
Boundrootprefix
boundderivational派生suffix
affix
inflectional曲折
判断题:
affixmustbeboundmorphemes√
不是所有的词都需要自由词素√per-ceivetrans-latere-mit
大部分词语是派生的√
词根和词干
Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.
Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.
Chapter4Word-FormationII(构词法)
1.Affixation词缀法(Derivation派生法):
theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formaingorderivationalaffixestostem.
(1)Prefixation:
It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.
1)Negativeprefixes(否定):
un-,non-,in-,dis,a-,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(notobey)
2)Reversativeprefixes(逆反前缀):
un-,de-,dis-etc.unwrap(open)
3)Pejorativeprefixes:
mis(贬义):
mal-,pseudo-etc.misconduct(badbehavior)
4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize(程度前缀):
arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,
mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect.overweight
5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude(倾向):
contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-
6)Locativeprefixes(方位):
extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,etc.extraordinary
oftimeandorder(时间和顺序前缀):
fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.monorail(onerail)
8)Numberprefixes(数字前缀):
uni-,mono-,bi-,di-,tri-,multi-,poly-,semi-,
9)Miscellaneousprefixes(混杂前缀):
auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.vice-chairman
(2)Suffixation(后缀法):
It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.
1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)Adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixes
2.Compounding复合法(alsocalledcomposition)
Compounding:
istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems
Compoundsarewritteninthreeways:
solid连写(airmail),hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)andopen分开写(airforce,airraid)
Formationofcompounds(复合词的形式)
(1)nouncompounds:
e.g.:
air+plane=airplane,flower+pot=flowerpot
(2)adjectivecompounds:
e.g.acid+head=acid-head
(3)verbcompounds:
e.g.house+keep=housekeep
3.Conversion转类法
Conversion:
istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.(功能转换,又叫零派生.functionalshift/zero-derivation)
4.Blending拼缀法
Blending:
istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.e.g:
smoke+fog=smog,formula+translation=FORTRAN
5.Clipping截短法
Clipping:
istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.e.g.planefromairplane,phonefromtelephone.四种形式:
1).Frontclippings(phonefromtelephone)2).Backclippings(dormfromdormitory)
3).Frontandbackclippings(flufrominfluenza)4).Phraseclippings(popfrompopularmusic)
6.Acronymy首字母缩写法
Acronymy:
istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.
(1)Initialism(首字母缩写词法):
BBC(forBritishBroadcastingcorporation)
(2)Acronym(首字母拼音法):
TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)
7.Back-formation(逆生法,逆构词)(greedfromgreedy)
8.WordsFromProperName(专有名词转成法):
e.g.:
watt(瓦特,电功率单位)
Chapter5WordMeaning
Reference(所指):
Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.
Concept(概念):
whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition(认识),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.
Sense(意义):
Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’
Motivation(理据):
Itaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.
1)Onomatopoeicmotivation(拟声理据):
wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning.E.g.:
bang,ping-pong,haha.
2)Morphologicalmotivation(形态理据):
multi-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines.E.g.:
airmail,miniskirt.例外:
blackmarket,ect.
3)Semanticmotivation(词义理据):
referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.E.g:
thefootofthemountain(foot)
4)Etymologicalmotivation(词源理据):
thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.E.g:
pen-feather
词义的类别Typesofmeaning
1.语法意义GrammaticalMeaning:
indicatesthegrammaticalconceptorrelationships
2.词汇意义LexicalMeaning:
Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning
4types:
Connotative、Stylistic、Affective(appreciative&pejorative)、Collocative
Chapter6--Senserelationandsemanticfield(语义关系和语义场)
多义关系的两种研究方法Twoapproachedtopolysemy
1.历时方法diachronicapproach:
fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.
2.共时方法synchronicapproach:
synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.基本意义是centralmeaning,次要意义是derivedmeaning.
词义的两种发展类型Twoprocessesofdevelopment
1.radiation(辐射型):
isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.(e.g:
face,neck)
2.连锁型concatenation:
isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovegraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.(e.g:
treacle)
3.Inradiation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.Inconcatenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,therei
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