毕 业 设 计论 文外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文.docx
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毕 业 设 计论 文外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文.docx
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毕业设计论文外文参考资料及译文
毕业设计(论文)外文参考资料及译文
译文题目:
智能卡简介
学生姓名:
学 号:
专 业:
电子信息工程
所在学院:
信息技术学院
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职 称:
2013年11月25日
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Introductionofsmartcard
FROM:
Asmartcard,chipcard,orintegratedcircuitcard(ICC),isinanypocket-sizedcardwithembeddedintegratedcircuitswhichcanprocessdata.Thisimpliesthatitcanreceiveinputwhichisprocessed—bywayoftheICCapplications—anddeliveredasanoutput.TherearetwobroadcategoriesofICCs.Memorycardscontainonlynon-volatilememorystoragecomponents,andperhapssomespecificsecuritylogic.Microprocessorcardscontainvolatilememoryandmicroprocessorcomponents.Thecardismadeofplastic,generallyPVC,butsometimesABS.Thecardmayembedahologramtoavoidcounterfeiting.Usingsmartcardsalsoisaformofstrongsecurityauthenticationforsinglesign-onwithinlargecompaniesandorganizations.
●Overview
A"smartcard"isalsocharacterizedasfollows:
◆Dimensionsarenormallycreditcardsize.TheID-1ofISO/IEC7810standarddefinesthemas85.60×53.98mm.AnotherpopularsizeisID-000whichis25×15mm(commonlyusedinSIMcards).Bothare0.76mmthick.
◆Containsasecuritysystemwithtamper-resistantproperties(e.g.asecurecryptoprocessor,securefilesystem,human-readablefeatures)andiscapableofprovidingsecurityservices(e.g.confidentialityofinformationinthememory).
◆Assetmanagedbywayofacentraladministrationsystemwhichinterchangesinformationandconfigurationsettingswiththecardthroughthesecuritysystem.Thelatterincludescardhotlisting,updatesforapplicationdata.
◆Carddataistransferredtothecentraladministrationsystemthroughcardreadingdevices,suchasticketreaders,ATMsetc.
●Benefits
Smartcardscanbeusedforidentification,authentication,anddatastorage.[1]
Smartcardsprovideameansofeffectingbusinesstransactionsinaflexible,secure,standardwaywithminimalhumanintervention.
Smartcardcanprovidestrongauthentication[2]forsinglesign-onorenterprisesinglesign-ontocomputers,laptops,datawithencryption,enterpriseresourceplanningplatformssuchasSAP,etc.
●History
TheautomatedchipcardwasinventedbyGermanrocketscientistHelmutGröttrupandhiscolleagueJürgenDethloffin1968;thepatentwasfinallyapprovedin1982.ThefirstmassuseofthecardswasforpaymentinFrenchpayphones,startingin1983(Telecarte).
RolandMorenoactuallypatentedhisfirstconceptofthememorycardin1974.In1977,MichelUgonfromHoneywellBullinventedthefirstmicroprocessorsmartcard.In1978,BullpatentedtheSPOM(SelfProgrammableOne-chipMicrocomputer)thatdefinesthenecessaryarchitecturetoauto-programthechip.Threeyearslater,theveryfirst"CP8"basedonthispatentwasproducedbyMotorola.Atthattime,Bullhad1200patentsrelatedtosmartcards.In2001,BullsolditsCP8DivisiontogetherwithallitspatentstoSchlumberger.Subsequently,SchlumbergercombineditssmartcarddepartmentandCP8andcreatedAxalto.In2006,AxaltoandGemplus,atthetimetheworld'sno.2andno.1smartcardmanufacturers,mergedandbecameGemalto.
Asmartcard,combiningcreditcardanddebitcardproperties.The3by5mmsecuritychipembeddedinthecardisshownenlargedintheinset.Thecontactpadsonthecardenableselectronicaccesstothechip.ThesecondusewaswiththeintegrationofmicrochipsintoallFrenchdebitcards(CarteBleue)completedin1992.WhenpayinginFrancewithaCarteBleue,oneinsertsthecardintothemerchant'sterminal,thentypesthePIN,beforethetransactionisaccepted.Onlyverylimitedtransactions(suchaspayingsmallautoroutetolls)areacceptedwithoutPIN.
Smart-card-basedelectronicpursesystems(inwhichvalueisstoredonthecardchip,notinanexternallyrecordedaccount,sothatmachinesacceptingthecardneednonetworkconnectivity)weretriedthroughoutEuropefromthemid-1990s,mostnotablyinGermany(Geldkarte),Austria(Quick),Belgium(Proton),France(Moneo),theNetherlands(ChipknipandChipper),Switzerland("Cash"),Norway("Mondex"),Sweden("Cash"),Finland("Avant"),UK("Mondex"),Denmark("Danmønt")andPortugal("Porta-moedasMultibanco").
Themajorboominsmartcardusecameinthe1990s,withtheintroductionofthesmart-card-basedSIMusedinGSMmobilephoneequipmentinEurope.WiththeubiquityofmobilephonesinEurope,smartcardshavebecomeverycommon.
TheinternationalpaymentbrandsMasterCard,Visa,andEuropayagreedin1993toworktogethertodevelopthespecificationsfortheuseofsmartcardsinpaymentcardsusedaseitheradebitoracreditcard.ThefirstversionoftheEMVsystemwasreleasedin1994.In1998astablereleaseofthespecificationswasavailable.EMVco,thecompanyresponsibleforthelong-termmaintenanceofthesystem,upgradedthespecificationin2000andmostrecentlyin2004.ThegoalofEMVcoistoassurethevariousfinancialinstitutionsandretailersthatthespecificationsretainbackwardcompatibilitywiththe1998version.
WiththeexceptionofcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesofAmericatherehasbeensignificantprogressinthedeploymentofEMV-compliantpointofsaleequipmentandtheissuanceofdebitandorcreditcardsadheringtheEMVspecifications.Typically,acountry'snationalpaymentassociation,incoordinationwithMasterCardInternational,VisaInternational,AmericanExpressandJCB,developdetailedimplementationplansassuringacoordinatedeffortbythevariousstakeholdersinvolved.
ThebackersofEMVclaimitisaparadigmshiftinthewayonelooksatpaymentsystems.Incountrieswherebanksdonotcurrentlyofferasinglecardcapableofsupportingmultipleaccounttypes,theremaybemerittothisstatement.Thoughsomebanksinthesecountriesareconsideringissuingonecardthatwillserveasbothadebitcardandasacreditcard,thebusinessjustificationforthisisstillquiteelusive.WithinEMVaconceptcalledApplicationSelectiondefineshowtheconsumerselectswhichmeansofpaymenttoemployforthatpurchaseatthepointofsale.
Forthebanksinterestedinintroducingsmartcardstheonlyquantifiablebenefitistheabilitytoforecastasignificantreductioninfraud,inparticularcounterfeit,lostandstolen.Thecurrentleveloffraudacountryisexperiencing,coupledwithwhetherthatcountry'slawsassigntheriskoffraudtotheconsumerorthebank,determinesifthereisabusinesscaseforthefinancialinstitutions.SomecriticsclaimthatthesavingsarefarlessthanthecostofimplementingEMV,andthusmanybelievethattheUSApaymentsindustrywillopttowaitoutthecurrentEMVlifecycleinordertoimplementnew,contactlesstechnology.
Smartcardswithcontactlessinterfacesarebecomingincreasinglypopularforpaymentandticketingapplicationssuchasmasstransit.VisaandMasterCardhaveagreedtoaneasy-to-implementversioncurrentlybeingdeployed(2004-2006)intheUSA.Acrosstheglobe,contactlessfarecollectionsystemsarebeingimplementedtodriveefficienciesinpublictransit.Thevariousstandardsemergingarelocalinfocusandarenotcompatible,thoughtheMIFAREStandardcardfromPhilipshasaconsiderablemarketshareintheUSandEurope.
Smartcardsarealsobeingintroducedinpersonalidentificationandentitlementschemesatregional,national,andinternationallevels.Citizencards,drivers’licenses,andpatientcardschemesarebecomingmoreprevalent;ForexampleinMalaysia,thecompulsorynationalIDschemeMyKadincludes8differentapplicationsandisrolledoutfor18millionusers.ContactlesssmartcardsarebeingintegratedintoICAObiometricpassportstoenhancesecurityforinternationaltravel.
●Contactsmartcard
Contactsmartcardshaveacontactarea,comprisingseveralgold-platedcontactpads,thatisabout1cmsquare.Wheninsertedintoareader,thechipmakescontactwithelectricalconnectorsthatcanreadinformationfromthechipandwriteinformationback.[3]
TheISO/IEC7816andISO/IEC7810seriesofstandardsdefine:
◆thephysicalshape
◆thepositionsandshapesoftheelectricalconnectors
◆theelectricalcharacteristics
◆thecommunicationsprotocols,thatincludestheformatofthecommandssenttothecardandtheresponsesreturnedbythecard.
◆robustnessofthecard
thefunctionality
Thecardsdonotcontainbatteries;energyissuppliedbythecardreader.
Electricalsignalsdescription
◆AsmartcardpinoutVCC:
Powersupplyinput
◆RST:
Eitheruseditself(resetsignalsuppliedfromtheinterfacedevice)orincombinationwithaninternalresetcontrolcircuit(optionalusebythecard).Ifinternalresetisimplemented,thevoltagesupplyonVccismandatory.
◆CLK:
Clockingortimingsignal(optionalusebythecard).
◆GND:
Ground(referencevoltage).
◆VPP:
Programmingvoltageinput(deprecated/optionalusebythecard).
◆I/O:
InputorOutputforserialdatatotheintegratedcircuitinsidethecard.
◆NOTE-Theuseofthetworemainingcontactswillbedefinedintheappropriateapplicationstandards.
●Reader
Contactsmartcardreadersareusedasacommunicationsmediumbetweenthesmartcardandahost,e.g.acomputer,apointofsaleterminal,oramobiletelephone.
SincethechipsinthefinancialcardsarethesameasthoseusedformobilephoneSubscriberIdentityModule(SIM)cards,justprogrammeddifferentlyandembeddedinadifferentshapedpieceofPVC,thechipmanufacturersarebuil
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