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论文
本科生毕业设计(论文)
题目从中文汉字和谚语角度透视女性地位
Acknowledgments
Iwanttoexpressmyappreciationtomanywhosupportedmyeffortsinwritingthispaperduringthepastfewmonths.
Firstofall,I’meagertoexpressmydeepestgratitudetomydedicatedsupervisor,ProfessorXia,withouthercontinuousencouragementandguidance,Icouldnothavefinishedthispaper.What'smore,sheofferedmevaluableideas,suggestionsandviewpoints.Herrigorousandresponsibleattitudessetagoodexampleformeandbenefitmealot.
HeartythanksshouldbegiventomyroommatesfortheirsuggestionsonhowtodraftthepaperandwhatkindofmaterialshouldIcollect.
Specialthanksshouldbeextendedtomyparentsfortheirunconditionalsupportallthewayfromtheverybeginning.
Abstract
Sinceancienttimes,Chinesewomenisthesociallyvulnerablegroupwhichhasalowersocialstatusthanmen.Wecanseefromthehistory,withtheancientmatriarchalsocietydisintegrated,female'sstatusbegantosufferadisastrousdecline.Sincetheformationofpatriarchy,womenhavebeenoppressedanddiscriminatedallthetime.TraditionalChinesesocietyhasbeenmale-centered.Sonswerepreferredtodaughters,andwomenwereexpectedtobesubordinatetofathers,husbands,andsons.
Theideaofmenaresuperiortowomenhasadirectimpactonthecreationofcharactersandtheformationoftheproverbs.Proverbs,asanessentialpartofthelanguage,comefromreallife,whichcanmoreorlessreflectpeople’sviewsandbehaviorsorthesystemofthesociety.Thussexisminlanguageaswellascultureisalsoshowninproverbs.SotheChinesecharacters,proverbsandChinafemale'sstatushasacloserelationship.
Thisarticlemainlyfocusonthereflectionoffemale’sstatusinChinesecharactersandproverbs,thereasonsofthisphenomenonforexampletheideologicalconcept,economicalstructureandcultureinfluences.IntermsofanalysisoffemalestatusinChineseproverbs,thearticlefocusesuponthereflectionofwomen’svalues,women’spositioninfamilies,women’swisdomandsocialrules.
Keywords:
femalestatus;characters;proverbs
摘要
女人自古以来就是社会的弱势群体,一直处于被压迫、被歧视的边缘。
从历史上我们可以看到,远古母系社会解体,进入了父系氏族社会后,妇女的地位就开始一落千丈。
父权制形成之后,妇女就一直被压迫、被歧视。
中国传统社会一直都是男性占主导地位,重男轻女,女人在家从父,出嫁从夫,老来从子。
由此形成的男尊女卑的观念直接影响着汉字的创造和谚语的形成。
造字者也自然的把这些观念融入字义中。
语言是社会现实的一种反映,必然会反映出人类社会各种社会观念。
来源于生活的谚语是语言的重要组成部分,可以反映人们在社会中的观念和行为。
所以研究中文汉字、谚语和中国女性地位之间有密切的关系。
本文主要从在汉字和谚语中妇女地位的透析,形成这种现象的原因,包括思想意识,经济结构和文化影响等方面,探讨中国女性的地位。
在讨论谚语和中国女性地位方面,主要讨论了女性的价值,女性在家庭中的地位,女性的智慧和女性的社会地位。
关键词:
妇女地位;汉字;谚语
TableofContents
1Introduction1
2LiteratureReview1
3AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseLanguage2
3.1AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseCharacters2
3.2AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseProverbs3
3.2.1ReflectionofWomen’sValues3
3.2.2ReflectionofWomen’sPositioninFamilies4
3.2.3ReflectionofWomen’sWisdom5
3.2.4ReflectionofWomen’sSocialRoles6
3.3TheCausesofthePhenomenon7
3.3.1IdeologicalConcept8
3.3.2EconomicalStructure8
3.3.3CultureInfluences9
4Conclusion10
References12
ABriefAnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseProverbsandcharacters
Introduction
Language,anindispensablepartofculture,reflectsthecustoms,attitudes,valuesandbeliefsofacertaintime.Whilecharactersandproverbsareessentialpartoflanguage,wecanstudythemtounderstandthehistoryofasociety.Sincethedisintegrationofmatriarchalsociety,thefemalehasbeenoppressedandprejudicedwhichwasreflectedintheformationofChinesecharactersandproverbs.ExamininggenerallyChinesecharactersandproverbs,wecouldfindthatChinesewomeninlowsocialstatus.Theyhadnofreedominpersonalandsocialaffairsandwerealwaysdiscriminatedbythemale.AlthoughChinesewomen’ssocialstatushasgottenthroughhistoricalchanges,womenstillarefacedwithalotofdiscrimination.(Lakoff,R,1975)
SincethereisacloserelationshipbetweenthehistoryofthesocietyandtheformationofChinesecharactersandproverbs,itwillbehelpfultoexaminethemeaningandconnotationsofChinesecharactersandproverbsinordertobetterunderstandhowthehistoricalbackgroundinfluencesthelanguageandalsoclearlyseehowthelanguagereflectssocialphenomenon.ThispapermainlyfocusesonanalyzingtheChinesecharactersthatcontainfemaleradicalandChineseproverbsthatdescribefemaleimageandcharacteristics.ThepurposeofthethesisistoexaminehowChinesecharactersandproverbsreflectfemalestatusinfeudalChinesesociety.Theanalysiswillbegivenfromfourperspectives:
①women’svalues②women’spositioninfamily③women’swisdom;and④women’ssocialrules.Followingtheanalysisisabriefdiscussiononthecausesoffemalestatusreflectedinthelanguage.Throughlookingcloselyatthelanguageanditsconnotationoffemalestatus,readerscanachieveabetterunderstandingoftheconnotationbetweenlanguageanditssocialbackground.
LiteratureReview
Overthepastdecades,agreatnumberofresearcheshavebeenconductedtoexaminetherelationshipbetweenthelanguageandgenderstatus.Forexample,Inthebooktitled”thestudyofgenderlanguage”,YangChunpointsoutthat“女”istakenasanideographiccharacterforgranted.IninscriptionsonbonesortortoiseshellsoftheShangDynasty,“女”lookslikeawoman'sarmstiedtoherknees.Besides,manywordsaremadeupby“女”,whichcarriesnegativemeanings.Atypicalexamplewouldbe“奸”.Itisapictographiccharacterthatcarriesthemeaningofevilormisconduct.Fromthetwopartsoftheirrespectivemeaningwecanseethatitmeansthingsdonebywomenareevilorcunning.(Yang,2010,P.126)
AnotherscholarWangLieqin,hasdonesomeresearchonthetopicoflanguageandgender.Inthebooktitled“ResearchontheStatusandDevelopmentofLanguageandGender”,Wangpointsoutthattherearemanycausesoflinguisticsexismandgenderdifferences.Oneofthemostimportantreasonsistheeconomicreason.Linguisticsexismisrootedinwomen’slong-termloweconomicstatusandsubmissivenesstomen.Besides,Wangdeclaresthatbecauseofthedifferenceinphysicalbuild-up,femalehaveafeelingofdependenceonmaleandinferioritytomalesincemenarestrongerandmorepowerfulinphysicalconstitution.Consequentlymenaremoresuitableforpossessionofpowerandauthority.(Wang,2003,P.50)
“Aproverb,inChinese,Englishorotherlanguage,isacommonsayingwithwordsofadvanceorwarning.Inordertobecomepopularandmemorable,ithasnotonlytobesuccinct,butalsoimplywisdom.Proverbs,astheDutchsay,arethedaughtersofexperience.Theyareexpressionsofsignificantthoughtsandarethecrystallizationsofuniversaltruths.Proverbsarealsowidelyusedbypeopletoprovidethesaucetorelishthemeatofordinaryspeech.Theybecomeanintegralpartofalanguageandliterature.”Proverbsareaproductofsociety,theyareanimportantpartofculture,andcomefromreallife.Theyhaveageneralizedandrelativelyfixedimageofapersonorpersonsbelongingtoaparticulargroup.Thoseoldproverbsreflectedthefemale’spositioninsociety.(Wang,2008,P.3)
ReflectionofFemaleStatusinChineseLanguage
Itisclearlyseenthatmanyresearchershaspaidgreatattentiontotherelationshipbetweengenderandlanguage.ThefollowingsectionwillfocusonfemalegenderanditssocialstatusintheChineselanguagesincefemaleradical“女”ismorefrequentlyusedinChinesecharacters.
AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseCharacter
Thereare174characterswithradical“女”inNewChineseDictionary(1991).Inaccordancewiththeirfunctionsandconnotations,theycanbeclassifiedinfollowingsixcategoriesofthecharacterswithradical“女”
Property
Quantity
Examples
Neutral,asaddressesandsurnames
74
奶,嬬,姥,婆,媳,姆,妾
Neutral,thefunctionoffemales
4
妊,娠,娩
Neutral,therelationshipbetweenmalesandfemales
12
婚,娶,嫁,媒,姘
Negative
28
奸,婪,嫉,妒,妖,
Positive
49
娇,好,娟,娜,婕,
Others
7
姓,如,娑,委
Fromthetableabove,wecanseethatamongthesecharacters,28negativewordsareusedtoindicatehuman’sweakness.Forexample,“妄”meansuselessandimpractical;“嫉妒”isusedasanegativeadjective,whichmeans“tobejealous”;“婪”isoftenusedwith“贪”,whichmeans“towantmorethanenough”;“妖”representsahumanfigurethatoftendoesevilthingsinChinesefairytales.Wecanfindthatindecentmannersareoriginatedfromthefemaleandonlylimitedtothefemale.The49positivewordsareusedtodescribewomen’sbeautybuttheyareusedtocatertomales.Forexample,“妖”usedtoreferto“beautiful,cleverandcharming”women,butChinesepeopletendtothinkdesirebeautywilldamagethebody,sothecharmingwomanwasviewedasacurse.Besides,”妆”meansmakeupinEnglish,“theblindman’swifeneedsnopainting”meanswomen’sbeautyareallformen.Othersformsareusedtoshowthegestationandthelowstatusofwomen.Forexample,”好”meansawomanhasaboyisgood.Infeudalsociety,amotheralwaysbecomeshonorablebecauseofherson’shighposition.(Miller,C.&Swift,K,1991)
AnalysisofFemaleStatusinChineseProverbs
ReflectionofWomen’sValues
InancientChina,womencouldnottakepartinnationalaffairs,suchasinpolitics,inbusinessandinotherfieldsbecausewomen,especiallythosebeautifulones,wereregardedasthesourceofdisasters.Peoplewereinclinedtobelievethatitwaswomenthatledtomisfortuneofmenoreventhewholenation.TherearealargenumberofChineseproverbscontainingfemalecharacters,whichareassociatedwithderogativeandnegativemeanings.Forexample,
①Virtuousisthewomanwithouttalent(女子无才便是德)
②Thehousegoesmadwhenwomengad(女人爱闲荡,一家纷乱乱)
③Smoke,rainandaverycrustwifemakeamanwearyofhouse
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