英国浪漫主义.docx
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英国浪漫主义.docx
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英国浪漫主义
RomanticisminEngland
I.HistoricalBackground
II.Romanticism
III.A.poets
1.Escapistromanticists/LakePoets(湖畔派诗人)(WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,RobertSouthey)
2.activeromanticists/demonicgroup/Satanicschool(撒旦派)(GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelley,JohnKeats)
B.essayists(CharlesLamb,WilliamHazlitt,ThomasDeQuincey)
C.novelist(WalterScott)
I.HistoricalBackground
(1)IndustrialRevolution—transformedBritainfromagriculturaltoindustrialcountry,responsibleforthechangeinthepatternofsociallifeandtheworseningofsocialcontradictions;
(2)Americanrevolutionin1775—theDeclarationofIndependence,writtenbyThomasJeffersonin1776,withitsemphasisonindividualrights;
(3)TheFrenchrevolutionin1789—introducedthedemocraticideals:
liberty,equalityandfraternityforeverybody;
(4)theabolitionofslaveryintheBritishcolonies;
(5)theintroductionofsystemofnationaleducation;
(6)theFactoryActs《工厂法案》bywhichtheemploymentofchildrenunderninewasforbiddenbythelaw.
(7)LyricalBallads,《抒情歌谣集》acollectionofpoembyWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge,publishedin1798,whichmarkedthestartofRomanticismasaliterarytrend.
II.EnglishRomanticism
1.definition—EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebeganin1798withthepublicationofWordsworth&Coleridge‘sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBill《改革法案》intheParliament.
EnglishRomanticismisarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason.TheFrenchRevolutionof1789-1794andtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionexertgreatinfluenceonEnglishRomanticism.
Romanticistsshowintheirworkstheirprofounddissatisfactionwiththesocialrealityandtheirdeephatredforanypoliticaltyranny,economicexploitationandanyformofoppression,feudalorbourgeois.Intherealmofliterature,theyrevoltagainstreason,rules,regulation,objectivity,commonsenses,etc.andemphasizethevalueoffeelings,intuition,freedom,nature,subjectivism,individuality,originality,imagination,etc.
2.ThefeaturesoftheRomanticwritings:
1) Dissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety.
2)Theirwritingsfilledwithstrong-willedheroesoreventitanicimages,formidableeventsandtragicsituations,powerfulconflictingpassionsandexoticpictures.
3)payattentiontospiritualandemotionallifeofman.Mostworksaresupernaturalandfullofimagination.
4)interestinthepast,theunusual,theunfamiliar,thebizarre
5)strongdesiretoescapefromthereality.
6)concernedmuchabouttheinfluenceofnature.
7)Theirwritingsfreefromanyrules,theyfightagainstthetenureofnewclassicism:
order,harmony,balance,reason.Theyaskforthefreedomofexpression.
8)Afeelingofloneliness&anoteofmelancholy
8)Theglorificationofthecommonplace---theaimofgoodpoetryis“tochooseincidentsandsituationsfromcommonlife”andtousea“selectionoflanguagereallyspokenbymen”,andtoawakeninthereader“freshnessofsensation”inthepresentationof“familiarobjects”.
9)characterizedby5“I”s:
Imagination,Intuition,Idealism,Inspiration,Individuality.
3.TwoschoolsofRomanticism
A.escapistromanticists,“theLakePoets”湖畔派,representedbyWilliamWordsworth华兹华斯,SamuelTaylorColeridge柯勒律治andRobertSouthey骚塞.
B.activeromanticists,“theSatanicschool”撒旦派,withByron拜伦,Shelly雪莱andKeats济慈asrepresentatives
湖畔派LakePoets
18~19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。
主要成员有华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。
由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区,先后在格拉斯米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住,以诗赞美湖光山色,所以有“湖畔派诗人”之称。
在诗歌题材上,他们主张写下层人民的日常生活,强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露;在诗体方面,主张发展民间诗歌的艺术传统,采用民间口语,发挥诗人的想象力。
他们的理论和实践结束了英国古典主义诗学的统治,对英国诗歌的改革和发展起了很大作用。
但是他们否定诗歌的社会作用,美化中世纪的田园生活,提倡唯心主义、唯灵主义、神秘主义;把“听天由命”看成是人的“天性的永恒部分”;拜伦和雪莱对此进行过激烈的批评。
湖畔派诗人起初都同情法国革命,随着革命的深入,由害怕革命而退却,进而逃避现实,迷恋过去,美化中世纪的宗法制,幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。
当湖畔派诗人的消极倾向日益明显的时候,青年诗人拜伦、雪莱开始登上文坛,向湖畔派诗人展开论争。
拜伦在一八O九年完成的讽刺长诗《英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家》中,不仅回答了消极浪漫主义者操纵的刊物《爱丁堡评论》对拜伦诗作的攻击,而且还严厉地谴责了湖畔派诗人的消极倾向。
由于他们敢于向湖畔派诗人作斗争,因而被英国绅土们斥之为撒旦(恶魔),所以文学史上称拜伦、雪莱和济慈为“撒旦派”。
一般说,湖畔派诗人代表消极浪漫主义倾向,撒旦派代表积极浪漫主义精神。
虽然湖畔派诗人在与古典主义的斗争中有过贡献,在诗歌的艺术上有较深的造诣,但其历史地位远不及撒旦派重要。
III.poets—LakePoets
1.WilliamWordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(重点)
Twoperiodsofhisliterarycareer
Arevolutionistwithliberalpoliticsideaandambiguousreligion
Aconservative,comingtobelievethatman’swildspiritisneededtamingbythechurch
1.2majorworks:
1)LyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》
followedby“ThePrefacetotheLyricalBallads”—servedasthemanifestooftheEnglishRomanticMovementinpoetry.
2)famousshortpoems:
Aboutnature:
“IwonderedLonelyasaCloud”“独自漫游似浮云”,
or“TheDaffodils”“咏水仙”
“IntimationofImmortality”“不朽颂”
“LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey”“丁登寺”;
“TotheCuckoo”“致布谷鸟”;
“MyHeartLeapsupWhenIBehold”“我心雀跃”;
“ToaButterfly”“致蝴蝶”“AnEveningWalk”“黄昏漫步”
Abouthumanlife:
--sympathyforthepoor
LucyPoems《露西组诗》“TheSolitaryReaper”“孤独的收割者”
“TheOldCumberlandBeggar”“康伯兰的老乞丐”
“Michael”“迈克尔”“WeareSeven”“我们七个”
3)“ThePrelude”“序曲”--Wordsworth’sautobiographicalpoemin14bookspublishedafterhisdeath,aspiritualrecordofhismind,showinghisownthoughtandsentiment.
1.3CommentonWordsworth
A.Thepoetofnature
Nature---medium---revelation(启示)
Nature---entity---communicatingwithGod,learningmoreaboutGod,andenjoyingtheholyandawesomefeelings
Nature---purest,mostuncorruptedform,amanifestationofGod’screationpower
B.Wordsworth’sdefinitiontopoetry
Goodpoetrymustspeak“thereallanguageofman”andwriteaboutthelifeofcommonpeopleinanimaginativeway.
Goodpoetryis“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.”诗是强烈情感的自然流露。
Poetry“takesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility”.诗源于情感,但在平静中回忆。
Theobjectswhichexcitedtheseemotionsweretobeordinaryones.
Thestyleselectedforthenewpoetrywasalsotobesimple.
Apoetshouldgivepleasureandrevealuniversaltruth.
Poetryis“themostphilosophicofallwriting”
1.4“IwonderedLonelyasaCloud”
Thepoemcontains4six-linedstanzasofIambictetrameterwiththerhymeschemeofababccineachstanza.
Theme:
eulogyfortheharmonybetweenthingsinnatureandtheharmonybetweennatureandman
LucyPoems--
“SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays”《她住在人迹罕至的地方》
(1)Therhymeschemeisabab,cdcd,efef
(2)Yes,thereareimagesinthispoem:
“ahalfhiddenviolet”and“astarshininginthesky”.
(3)No.theimageofthevioletshowsthatsheissomodest,shyandunknownthatnoonewillpayattentiontoher;theimageofthestarshiningintheskyindicatesthatinherlover’seyes,sheislikethesinglestarshiningbrightlyandbeautifullyinthesky.
2.SamuelTaylorColeridge(了解)
2.1life
bornintoaclergyman’sfamily,agenius.
At6,readtheBible,RobinsonCrusoeandArabianNights.
fulloffantasyanddreams.
madefriendswithCharlesLamb,thegreatessayistofEnglishRomanticisminhisCambridgeyears.
ranawayfromtheuniversityandenlistedinthearmy;
2.2majorworks:
DemonicPoems:
魔幻诗
TheRimeoftheAncientMarine《古舟子咏》
KublaKhan《忽必烈汗》
Christabel《克里斯塔贝尔》
Conversationalpoems对话诗
FrostatMorning《午夜寒霜》
Dejection:
AnOde《沮丧:
一首颂歌》
Essays
BiographiaLiteraria《文学传记》
LecturesonShakespearebetween1808and1815
2.3artisticfeatures:
(1)Mysticism神秘主义anddemonism魔鬼信仰withstrongimagination;
(2)Depictionofunusualandsupernaturalimages.
(3)paycloseattentiontolanguageofpoetry.Hemaintainsthatthetrueendofpoetryistogivepleasure“throughthemediumofbeauty”,nottoinstruct.
3.RobertSouthey罗伯特·骚塞(了解)
3.1Oneofthe“LakePoets”
ExpelledfromWestminsterSchoolforhisoutspokencompositionagainstcorporalpunishment
InOxford,madeacquaintanceofColeridgeandWordsworth,andsharedtheirrevolutionaryardorinthe1790s
Radicalismfadedattheturnofthecentury,changedfromarevolutionisttoaTory,madePoetLaureate
3.2majorWorks
epic—JoanofArc《圣女贞德》
Drama–WatTyler《瓦特·泰勒》
Shortpoems—TheInchcapeRock《因尺角之石》
TheBattleofBlenheim《布莱尼姆之战》
MyDaysamongtheDeadArePassed《我与死者做伴的日子已结束》
Prose—TheLifeofNelson《纳尔逊传》
Poeticalromances--
ThalabatheDestroyer《萨拉巴》
Madoc《麦道克》
TheCurseofKehama《克哈马的诅咒》
Roderick,theLastoftheGoths《罗德里克,最后的高斯人》
theSatanicschool—1.GeorgeGordonByron(1788-1824)
“Forward!
Forward!
Followme!
”
1.1life
Borninanaristocraticfamily
BecameLordByronafterinheritingthetitleandestateofhisgrand-uncle
aradicalsupporterofworker’smovement.
In1811,tookseatintheHouseofLords(贵族院/上议院).HemadevehementspeechestoattackEnglishgovernment’spolicyfortheLuddites(workerswhodestroymachinery).
ByronleftEnglandforeverin1816.
HefirstvisitedSwitzerland,wherehemadeacquaintancewithShelley.
ThenhemovedtoItaly,wherehefinishedChildeHarold’sPilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》andwrotehismasterpieceDonJuan《唐璜》.
UponhearingthenewsoftheGreekrevoltagainsttheTurks,Byronplungedhimselfintothestruggle.TheGreeksmadehimcommanderinchief(总司令)oftheirforcesin1824.Duetomonths’hardworkunderbadweather,hefellillanddied.April19,1824,Byrondiedwith“Forward!
Forward!
Followme!
”TheGreekpeoplemournedoverhisprematuredeath.
Byronwasregardedasthe“satanicpoet”bytheEnglishgovernmentwhenhedied.Itwasnotuntil1969thatawhitemarblememorialtoByronwaserectedinWestminsterAbbey.
NowadayshisnameisputinthePoets’Corner.
1.2majorworks:
(1).HoursofIdleness《闲散的时刻》--hisfirstcollectionofpoemscomposedincollegedealingwithchildishrecollectionsandearlyfriendship,butwasmercilesslycriticizedbyEdinburghReview,ablowtotheyoun
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