考研英语真题及答案.docx

考研英语真题及答案.docx

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考研英语真题及答案

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

　　In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.

　　Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschanged,productivityrose.A（n）___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.

　　Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.

　　Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged”Hawthorneeffect“ishardtopindown.

　　1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored

　　2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off

　　3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof

　　4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous

　　5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments

　　6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work

　　7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas

　　8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion

　　9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant

　　10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by

　　11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed

　　12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]pealliarto

　　13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source

　　14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading

　　15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual

　　16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly

　　17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued

　　20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hiting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

　　Text2

　　Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.

　　Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennis’D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”

　　Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.

　　TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould”reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.

　　TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt”,saysHaroleC.wegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

　　26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

　　[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness

　　[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

　　[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

　　[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

　　27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

　　[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

　　[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

　　[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

　　[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

　　28.Theword“about-face”（Line1,Paro3）mostprobablymeans

　　[A]lossofgoodwill

　　[B]increaseofhostility

　　[C]changeofattitude

　　[D]enhancementofdignity

　　29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

　　[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges

　　[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

　　[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders

　　[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

　　30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

　　[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents

　　[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

　　[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

　　[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents

　　Text3

　　InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

　　Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:

Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends

　　Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.

　　Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.

　　Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall“globalcascades”–thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks–isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluenced