新标准大学英语综合教程2原文.docx
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新标准大学英语综合教程2原文.docx
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新标准大学英语综合教程2原文
新标准大学英语综合教程2原文
新标准大学英语综合教程2原文
UNIT1
Collegejustisn'tspecialanymore
1 "Ifyoucanrememberanythingaboutthe1960s,youweren'treallythere,"sothesayinggoes.Itmaybetrueforthosewhospenttheircollegeyearsinahazeofmarijuanasmoke.Butthereisonethingeveryoneremembersaboutthe1960s:
Goingtocollegewasthemostexcitingandstimulatingexperienceofyourlife.
2 Inthe1960s,California'scollegesanduniversitieshadtransformedthestateintotheworld'sseventhlargesteconomy.However,Berkeley,theUniversityofCalifornia'smaincampus,wasalsowell-knownforitsstudentdemonstrationsandstrikes,anditsatmosphereofpoliticalradicalism.WhenRonaldReaganranforofficeasgovernorofCaliforniain1966,heaskedifCalifornianswouldallow"agreatuniversitytobebroughttoitskneesbyanoisy,dissidentminority".Theliberalsrepliedthatitwastheabilitytotoleratenoisy,dissidentminoritieswhichmadeuniversitiesgreat.
3 OnuniversitycampusesinEurope,masssocialistorcommunistmovementsgaverisetoincreasinglyviolentclashesbetweentheestablishmentandthecollegestudents,withtheirnewandpassionatecommitmenttofreedomandjustice.MuchoftheprotestwasabouttheVietnamWar.ButinFrance,thestudentsoftheSorbonneinParismanagedtoformanalliancewiththetradeunionsandtolaunchageneralstrike,whichultimatelybroughtabouttheresignationofPresidentdeGaulle.
4 Itwasn'tjusttheactivismthatcharacterizedstudentlifeinthe1960s.Everywhere,goingtocollegemeantyourfirsttasteofrealfreedom,oflatenightsinthedormorintheJuniorCommonRoom,discussingthemeaningoflife.Youusedtohavetogotocollegetoreadyourfirstforbiddenbook,seeyourfirstindiefilm,orfindsomeonewhosharedyourpassionforJimiHendrixorLennyBruce.Itwasamomentofunimaginablefreedom,themostliberatinginyourlife.
5 Butwhere'sthepassiontoday?
What'sthematterwithcollege?
Thesedayspolitical,socialandcreativeawakeningseemstohappennotbecauseofcollege,butinspiteofit.Ofcourse,it'struethathighereducationisstillimportant.Forexample,intheUK,PrimeMinisterBlairwasclosetoachievinghisaimofgetting50percentofallunderthirtiesintocollegeby2010(eventhoughacynicwouldsaythatthiswastokeepthemofftheunemploymentstatistics).Yetcollegeeducationisnolongeratopicofgreatnationalimportance.Today,collegeisseenasakindofsmalltownfromwhichpeoplearekeentoescape.Somepeopledropout,butthemostapatheticstaythecoursebecauseit'stoomuchefforttoleave.
6 Insteadoftheheadyatmosphereoffreedomwhichstudentsinthe1960sdiscovered,studentstodayaremuchmoreserious.TheBritishCouncilhasrecentlydoneresearchintothefactorswhichhelpinternationalstudentsdecidewheretostudy.Indescendingordertheseare:
qualityofcourses,employabilityprospects,affordability,personalsecurityissues,lifestyle,andaccessibility.Collegehasbecomeameanstoanend,anopportunitytoincreaseone'schancesontheemploymentmarket,andnotanendinitself,whichgivesyouthechancetoimagine,justforashortwhile,thatyoucanchangetheworld.
7 Thegapbetweenchildhoodandcollegehasshrunk,andsohasthegapbetweencollegeandtherealworld.Oneofthereasonsmaybefinancial.Inanuncertainworld,manychildrenrelyontheirparents'supportmuchlongerthantheyusedto.Studentsleavinguniversityinthe21stcenturysimplycannotaffordtosetuptheirownhomebecauseit'stooexpensive.Anotherpossiblereasonisthecommunicationsrevolution.Gonearethedayswhenasonordaughterranghomeonceortwiceaterm.Todaystudentsareumbilicallylinkedtotheirparentsbytheircellphones.Andasforfindinglike-mindedfriendstoshareapassionforobscureliteratureormusic,well,wehavetheInternetandchatroomstohelpusdothat.
8 "Blisswasitinthatdawntobealive,
9 Buttobeyoungwasveryheaven!
"
10WordsworthmayhavewrittentheselinesabouttheFrenchRevolution,buttheywerealsotrueforthestudentsofthe1960s.Sowhyaren'ttheytrueforthestudentsoftoday?
UNIT2
Howempathyunfolds
1 ThemomentHope,justninemonthsold,sawanotherbabyfall,tearswelledupinherowneyesandshecrawledofftobecomfortedbyhermother,asthoughitwereshewhohadbeenhurt.And15-month-oldMichaelwenttogethisownteddybearforhiscryingfriendPaul;whenPaulkeptcrying,MichaelretrievedPaul'ssecurityblanketforhim.Boththesesmallactsofsympathyandcaringwereobservedbymotherstrainedtorecordsuchincidentsofempathyinaction.Theresultsofthestudysuggestthattherootsofempathycanbetracedtoinfancy.Virtuallyfromthedaytheyareborninfantsareupsetwhentheyhearanotherinfantcrying—aresponsesomeseeastheearliestprecursorofempathy.
2 Developmentalpsychologistshavefoundthatinfantsfeelsympatheticdistressevenbeforetheyfullyrealizethattheyexistapartfromotherpeople.Evenafewmonthsafterbirth,infantsreacttoadisturbanceinthosearoundthemasthoughitweretheirown,cryingwhentheyseeanotherchild'stears.Byoneyearorso,theystarttorealizethemiseryisnottheirownbutsomeoneelse's,thoughtheystillseemconfusedoverwhattodoaboutit.InresearchbyMartinL.HoffmanatNewYorkUniversity,forexample,aone-year-oldbroughthisownmotherovertocomfortacryingfriend,ignoringthefriend'smother,whowasalsointheroom.Thisconfusionisseentoowhenone-year-oldsimitatethedistressofsomeoneelse,possiblytobettercomprehendwhattheyarefeeling;forexample,ifanotherbabyhurtsherfingers,aone-year-oldmightputherownfingersinhermouthtoseeifshehurts,too.Onseeinghismothercry,onebabywipedhisowneyes,thoughtheyhadnotears.
3 Suchmotormimicry,asitiscalled,istheoriginaltechnicalsenseofthewordempathyasitwasfirstusedinthe1920sbyE.B.Titchener,anAmericanpsychologist.Titchener'stheorywasthatempathystemmedfromasortofphysicalimitationofthedistressofanother,whichthenevokesthesamefeelingsinoneself.Hesoughtawordthatwouldbedistinctfromsympathy,whichcanbefeltforthegeneralplightofanotherwithnosharingwhateverofwhatthatotherpersonisfeeling.
4 Motormimicryfadesfromtoddlers'repertoireataroundtwoandahalfyears,atwhichpointtheyrealizethatsomeoneelse'spainisdifferentfromtheirown,andarebetterabletocomfortthem.Atypicalincident,fromamother'sdiary:
5 Aneighbor'sbabycriesandJennyapproachesandtriestogivehimsomecookies.Shefollowshimaroundandbeginstowhimpertoherself.Shethentriestostrokehishair,buthepullsaway.Hecalmsdown,butJennystilllooksworried.Shecontinuestobringhimtoysandtopathisheadandshoulders.
6 Atthispointintheirdevelopmenttoddlersbegintodivergefromoneanotherintheiroverallsensitivitytootherpeople'semotionalupsets,withsome,likeJenny,keenlyawareandotherstuningout.AseriesofstudiesbyMarianRadke-YarrowandCarolynZahn-WaxlerattheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthshowedthatalargepartofthisdifferenceinempathicconcernhadtodowithhowparentsdisciplinedtheirchildren.Children,theyfound,weremoreempathicwhenthedisciplineincludedcallingstrongattentiontothedistresstheirmisbehaviorcausedsomeoneelse:
"Lookhowsadyou'vemadeherfeel"insteadof"Thatwasnaughty".Theyfoundtoothatchildren'sempathyisalsoshapedbyseeinghowothersreactwhensomeoneelseisdistressed;byimitatingwhattheysee,childrendeveloparepertoireofempathicresponse,especiallyinhelpingotherpeoplewhoaredistressed.
UNIT3
Stolenidentity
1 "Frankneverwenttopilotschool,medicalschool,lawschool,...becausehe'sstillinhighschool."
2 Thatwasthestraplineofthe2002filmCatchMeIfYouCan,whichtellsthestoryofFrankAbagnale,Jr.(LeonardoDiCaprio),abrilliantyoungmasterofdeceptionwhoatdifferenttimesimpersonatedadoctor,alawyer,andanairplanepilot,forgingchecksworthmorethansixmilliondollarsin26countries.HebecametheyoungestmantoevermaketheFBI'smost-wantedlistforforgery.HuntedandcaughtinthefilmbyfictionalFBIagentCarlHanratty(TomHanks),Abagnalelaterescaped.HeeventuallybecameaconsultantfortheFBIwherehefocusedonwhite-collarcrime.
3 It'sagreatfilm,butcouldithappeninreallife?
Infact,CatchMeIfYouCanisbasedonthetruestoryofFrankAbagnale,whosecareerasafraudsterlastedaboutsixyearsbeforehewascaught,whoescapedfromcustodythreetimes(oncethroughanairplanetoilet),andwhospentatotalofsixyearsinprisoninFrance,SwedenandtheUS.Henowrunsaconsultancyadvisingtheworldofbusinesshowtoavoidfraud.Hehasraisedenoughmoneytopaybackallhisvictims,andisnowamulti-millionaire.
4 Since2003,identitythefthasbecomeincreasinglycommon.Fewpeoplecouldimaginehowimportantthingsliketakingmailtothepostofficeandnotleavingitinthemailboxforpickup,shreddingdocumentsinsteadofthrowingthemoutwiththetrash,evenusingapencostingacoupleofbucks,havebecometoavoidlife-changingcrimes.
5 Moreandmorepeoplearebecominganonymousvictimsofidentitytheft.Wespendmanyhoursanddollarstryingtorecoverourname,ourcredit,ourmoneyandourlives.Weneedtolookfordifferentwaystoprotectourselves.Wecanimproveourchancesofavoidingthiscrime,butitwillnevergoaway.
6 It'snotjustalisto
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