普通生态学考试题习题库201X.docx
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普通生态学考试题习题库201X.docx
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普通生态学考试题习题库201X
《普通生态学》
一、Pleaseexplainthefollowingterms(3pointseach,18pointstotally).
(1)Introduction
Ecology
habitat
(2)autoecology
niche(生态位)
fundamentalniche(基础生态位)
competitiveexlusionprinciple(竞争排斥原理)
fitness(适合度)
environment(环境)
Liebig’slawofminimum(利比希最小因子定律)
Shelford’slawoftolerance(谢尔福德的“耐受性定律”)
ecologicalvalenceoramplitude(生态价、生态幅、耐性限度)
lawoflimitingfactor(限制因子定律)
VantHoff’slaw(范霍夫定律或Q10定律)
developmentalthresholdtemperature(发育起点温度)
lawofeffectivetemperature(有效积温法则)
(3)populationecology
Population(种群)
ecologicalinvasion(生态入侵)
innatecapacityofincrease(orintrinsicrateofincrease)[内禀增长率]
densitydependence(密度制约)
densityindependence(非密度制约)
agestructure(年龄椎体或年龄金字塔)
Survivorshipcurve(存活曲线)
ecologicalnatality(生态出生率)
ecologicalmortality(生态死亡率)
maximumnatality(最大出生率)
minimummortality(最低死亡率)
ecologicalstrategy(生态对策)
(4)communityecology
pioneerspecies(先锋物种)
climax(顶级群落)
bioticcommunity(生物群落)
communitysuccession(群落演替)
growthform(生长型)
lifeform(生活型)
ectone(群落交错区):
edgeeffect(边缘效应):
speciesdiversity(物种多样性):
dominantspecies(优势种)
functionalgroup(guild)(同资源种团或功能团):
(5)ecosystem
biomass(生物量)
primaryproduction(初级生产)
biogeochemicalcycle(生物地化循环)
ecosystem(生态系统):
biosphere(生物圈):
ecologicalpyramid(生态椎体或生态金字塔)
foodchain(食物链)
foodweb(食物网)
trophiclevel(营养级)
Ⅱ.PuttheappropriateecologicaltermsintotheBlankinordertomakethesentencemeaningful.[填空题]
(1)introduction
Humanbeingareconfrontedwiththefivecrisissuchas,food,,,environment.
Dividedbytheorganizationlevels,theecologyincludemolecularecology,autoecology,
ecology,ecology,ecology,ecology,globalecology.
Dividedbythehabitat,ecologyincludeterrestrialecology,ecology,estuaryecology,
ecology,etc.
Dividedbytheorganisms,ecologyincludeecology,ecology,andmicroorganismecology.
Classicecologyincludeautoecology,,,,andecosystemecology.
(2)autoecology
Thewaysoftolerancetoextremelylowtemperatureare,,
.
Thespatialdistributionpatternsofapopulation(种群的空间分布格局)includeevendistribution(均匀分布),distribution,anddistribution.
(3)populationecology
Thetypesofnaturalselectioninclude,directionalselection,.
Thedrivesofevolutionincludeand.
Theself-regulationschoolsinclude,,and.
Theprocessesofspeciationare,,and.Thethreewaysofspeciationare,,.
Accordingtotheshapeofagepyramid,itcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes,thatis,
,and.
Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenlionanddeeris.Theinteractionbetweenpenicillinandbacteriumis.Walnutquinonesecretedbywalnutcaninhibitthegrowthofitssurroundingplants,sotherelationshipbetweenwalnutanditssurroundingplantsbelongsto.
(4)communityecology
Thethreemodeltoexplainthesuccessionmechanisminclude,,
.
(5)ecosystemecology
Thefunctionofecosysteminclude,,.
Theretypesofbiogeochemicalcyclesare,,.
Thetwomaintypesoffoodchainsareand.
,andarethethreefunctionalgroupsthatconsistofecosystem.
Themaximalecosysteminglobeis.
Thefigurebelowisasimplifiedsketchmap(示意图)offoodweb(食物网)ingrasslandecosystem,pleasegivetheanswerforthesixquestionsbelowaccordingtothissketchmap.
(1)Thenumberoffoodchain(食物链)inthisfoodwebis.
(2)Thenumberoftrophiclevel(营养级)ofhawkis.
(3)Theinter-specificrelationshipbetweenhawkandfoxis.
(4)Thelifeform(生物)withthehighestenergyamongthecomponentsofthisecosystemis.Theenergywereultimatelytransferredtohawk,theefficientfoodchainis .
(5)IfweuseDDTtocontrolthepestinsect(害虫)thatdoharmtograsses,thenwecaninferthatthelifeformwiththehighestconcentration(浓度)ofDDTis_______.
(6)Ifthehawk,snake,andfoxarelargelyhuntedintheshortterm,thelifeformwillbeseriouslynegativelyinfluencedis.
15.种间关系包括(举例说明是什么关系)
16.他感、异种抑制、抗生
17.趋同进化等
18.生态型、生活型(举例)
19.演替
ⅢTrueorfalse.[是非题]
(1)introduction
()32.Populationecology,communityecology,ecosystemecology,andlandscapeecologyallbelongtoresearchcontentoftheclassicecology.
()35.Molecularecologybelongstotheresearchdomainofclassicecology.
()36.Modernecologyincludemolecularecology,globalecology,andclassicecology.
(2)autoecology
()4.Solarradiationisaconditionforaninsect,butaresourceforaplant.
()4.Wateristheresourceforoneplantatanytime.
()17.Foranyorganism,thevalueofincreaseinheartbeatfrequency(心跳次数)bya10℃riseintemperatureistwotothree.
()22.Iftheecologicalnicheoftwospeciesarethesame,itissurethatonespeciesamongthetwospeciesdestined(注定)togotoextinction(灭绝).
()21.OrganismsintheTropicalZone(热带)areabletotolerate(耐受
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