现代国际商务word版整理.docx
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现代国际商务word版整理.docx
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现代国际商务word版整理
ChapterOne
(1)
fundamental
veryimportantoressential.
shift
achange
occur
Whensomethingoccurs,ithappens
self-contained
Youcandescribesomeoneorsomethingasself-containedwhentheyarecompleteandseparateanddonotneedhelporresourcesfromoutside.
entity
Anentityissomethingthatexistsseparatelyfromotherthingsandhasaclearidentityofitsown.
isolation:
astateofseparationbetweenpersonsorgroups
barrier:
astructureorobjectthatpreventsfreemovement.
(crowdcontrolbarrier)
border:
alinethatindicatesaboundary
regulation:
aprincipleorconditionthatgovernsbehavior.
perceive:
Ifyouperceivesomething,yousee,notice,orrealizeit
shrink:
reduceinsize;reducephysically
merge:
Ifonethingmergeswithanother,orismergedwithanother,theycombineorcometogethertomakeonewholething.
decline:
changetowardsomethingsmallerorlower
interdependent:
dependoneachother;mutuallydependent.
integrated:
formedorunitedintoawhole
Afundamentalshiftisoccurringintheworldeconomy.
Wearemovingawayfromaworldinwhichnationaleconomieswererelativelyself-containedentities,isolatedfromeachotherbybarrierstocross-bordertradeandinvestment;bydistance,timezones,andlanguage;andbynationaldifferencesingovernmentregulation,culture,andbusinesssystems.
Wearemovingtowardaworldinwhichbarrierstocross-bordertradeandinvestmentaredeclining;perceiveddistanceisshrinkingduetoadvancesintransportationandtelecommunicationstechnology;materialcultureisstartingtolooksimilartheworldover;andnationaleconomiesaremergingintoaninterdependentintegratedglobaleconomicsystem.
Theprocessiscommonlyreferredtoasglobalization.
Isolation——integration
Reviewthenewwords.
Answertwoquestions:
1.Pleasetellmethereasonsthatmadenationsrelativelyself-contained?
2.whatarethereasonsthatmakethenationaleconomiesrelativelyinterdependentandintegrated?
Whatdoesitmeanforconsumers?
Whatdoesglobalizationmeanforcompanies?
Thecompanyisknownforitsmoderndesignsforvarioustypesofready-to-assemblefurniture,anditsinteriordesignworkisoftenassociatedwithan eco-friendly simplicity.
Inaddition,thefirmisknownforitsattentiontocostcontrol,operationaldetails,andcontinuousproductdevelopment,corporateattributesthatallowedIKEAtoloweritspricesbyanaverageoftwotothreepercentoverthedecadeto2010duringaperiodofglobalexpansion.
Quality—Price(costcontrol)
InteriorDesign(Eco-friendlysimplicity)
Newproducts
Additionally,…….
AsofOctober2011,IKEAownsandoperates332storesin38countries.
Readparagraphtwoinpage3,andanswerthefollowingquestions:
1.whataretheexamplesoftradeingoodsandtradeinservicesmentionedintheparagraph?
2.whichcompanyisanexampleofprivatization?
Tradeingoods(merchandisetrade)includesallofthegoodsacountryexportsorimports:
agriculturalproducts(coffeebean,),machinery,autos(car),steel.rubber,petroleum(oil),cellphone,textiles,andthelike.
Tradeinservicescompromisemainlytransportservices,consultationservices、advertisingservices、telecommunicationservices,informationservices,andthelike.
DeutscheTelecom,aGermantelecommunicationsfirmthatwastransformedfromaformerstate-ownmonopolyintoaglobalcompany.
distinct:
different;
facilitate:
makeitmorelikelytohappen,promote;
converge:
Ifpeopleorvehiclesconvergeonaplace,theymovetowarditfromdifferentdirections.
Ifroadsorlinesconverge,theymeetorjoinataparticularplace.
preference:
astrongliking
givewayto:
为…让路
accountfor:
bethereasonorexplanationfor;
customize:
makeaccordingtorequirements;
dimension:
themagnitudeofsomethinginaparticulardirection(especiallylengthorwidthorheight)
Question:
Whatisglobalization?
Answer:
Globalizationreferstothetrendtowardsamoreintegratedandinterdependentglobaleconomicsystem
Twokeyfacetsofglobalizationare:
theglobalizationofmarkets
theglobalizationofproduction
Globalizationofmarkets–referstothemergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplace.
Fallingbarrierstocross-bordertradehavemadeiteasiertosellinternationally.
Thetastesandpreferencesofconsumersindifferentnationsarebeginningtoconvergeonsomeglobalnorm,therebyhelpingtocreateaglobalmarket.
Couldwesaynationalmarketsaregivingwaytotheglobalmarketplace?
Significantdifferencesstillexistamongnationalmarketsalongmanyrelevantdimensions,includingconsumertastesandpreferences,distributionchannels,valuesystems,businesssystems,andlegalregulations.
Thesedifferencesfrequentlyrequirecompaniestocustomizemarketingstrategies,productfeatures,andoperatingpracticestobestmatchconditionsinaparticularcountry.
Doesacompanyhavetobethesizeofmultinationalgiantstobenefitfromtheglobalizationofmarkets?
smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)isdefinedintheUSITCreportasfirmswithlessthan500employees.
Globalizationofproduction-thesourcingofgoodsandservicesfromlocationsaroundtheglobetotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesinthecostandqualityoffactorsofproduction(laborenergy,land,andcapital)
Goal:
loweroverallcoststructureorimprovethequalityorfunctionalityoftheirproductandgaincompetitiveadvantage
proportion:
aproportionofagrouporanamountisapartofit.
transcend:
gobeyond
institution:
aninstitutionisalargeimportantorganizationsuchasauniversity,church,orbank.
Tariff:
Atariffisataxthatagovernmentcollectsongoodscomingintoacountry.
Successor:
apersonwhofollowsnextinorder
Predecessor:
Yourpredecessoristhepersonwhohadyourjobbeforeyou
monetary:
relatingtomoney
fund:
areserveofmoneysetasideforsomepurpose
multilateral:
involvingatleastthreedifferentgroupsofpeopleornations.
lenderoflastresort:
最后贷款者
controversy:
alotofdiscussionandargumentaboutsomething,ofteninvolvingstrongfeelingsofangerordisapproval.
TheEmergenceofGlobalInstitutions
Asmarketsglobalizeandanincreasingproportionofbusinessactivitytranscendsnationalborders,globalinstitutionsareneededtomanage,regulate,andpolicetheglobalmarketplace,andtopromotetheestablishmentofmultinationaltreatiestogoverntheglobalbusinesssystem.
theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)anditssuccessor,theWorldTradeOrganization(WTO);
theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF);
theWorldBank(WB);
theUnitedNations(UN).
Alloftheseinstitutionswerecreatedbyvoluntaryagreementbetweenindividualnation-states.
TheGATTanditssuccessortheWTO
TheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)wasamultilateralagreementregulatinginternationaltrade.Itspurposewasthe"substantialreductionoftariffsandothertradebarriersandtheeliminationofpreferences,onareciprocalandmutuallyadvantageousbasis.“
TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)isprimarilyresponsibleforpolicingtheworldtradingsystemandmakingsurenation-statesadheretotheruleslaiddownintradetreatiesbyWTOmembers.
TheWTOisalsoresponsibleforfacilitatingtheestablishmentofadditionalmultinationalagreementsbetweenWTOmembers
theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)-maintainsorderintheinternationalmonetarysystem
Countriescontributemoneytoapoolthroughaquotasystemfromwhichcountrieswithpaymentimbalancescanborrowfundstemporarily.Throughthisactivityandotherssuchasthedemandforself-correctingpolicies,theIMFworkstoimprovetheeconomiesofitsmembercountries.
theWorldBankhasfocusedonmakinglow-interestloanstocash-strappedgovernmentsinpoornationsthatwishtoundertakesignificantinfrastructureinvestment(suchasbuildingdamsorroads)
theUnitedNations(UN)wasestablishedinOctober24,1945by51countriescommittedtopreservingpeacethroughinternationalcooperationandcollectivesecurity.Today,nearlyeverynationintheworldbelongstotheUN;membershipnowtotals191countries.
G20:
establishedtoformulateacoordinatedpolicy
Currently,thereare20membersoftheG-20.Theseinclude,attheleaderssummits,theleadersof19countriesandoftheEuropeanUnion,and,attheministerial-levelmeetings,thefinanceministersandcentralbankgovernorsof19countriesandoftheEuropeanUnion.
SincetheUSFederalReservestarteditsquantitativeeasingprogramsometwoyearsago,therehasbeenalargeflowofcapitalintoemergingmarketsinsearchofhigherreturns.Thisfloodofmoneyhas,inturn,inflatedassetpricesinthesemarketsandpushedupthevalueoftheirrespectivecurrencies.
Asuddencapitaloutflowcouldbursttheassetbubblesinsomeemergingmarkets,sparkingafinancialcrisisasmanyenterpriseshavegreatlyincreasedtheirforeigncurrencyborrowingsatlowinterestratestofundtheirdomesticinvestments.
ChapterOne
(2)
crash:
Ifabusinessorfinancialsystemcrashes,itfailssuddenly,oftenwithseriouseffects.
retaliatory:
Ifyoutakeretaliatoryaction,youtrytoharmorannoysomeonewhohasharmedorannoyedyou.
beggarthyneighbor:
以邻为壑
(Thyisanold-fashioned,poetic,orreligiouswordfor“your”)
Containerization:
集装箱化
Fall-decline-plummet-plunge
exploit:
Ifyousaythatsomeoneisexploitingyou,youthinkthattheyaretreatingyouunfairlybyusingyourworkorideasandgivingyouverylittleinreturn
staff:
Ifanorganizationisstaffedbyparticularpeopl
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