CASE OF POWELL AND RAYNER v THE UNITED KINGDOM.docx

CASE OF POWELL AND RAYNER v THE UNITED KINGDOM.docx

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CASEOFPOWELLANDRAYNERvTHEUNITEDKINGDOM

COURT（CHAMBER）

CASEOFPOWELLANDRAYNERv.THEUNITEDKINGDOM

（Applicationno.9310/81）

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

21February1990

InthecaseofPowellandRayner,

TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRights,sitting,inaccordancewithArticle43（art.43）oftheConventionfortheProtectionofHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedoms（"theConvention"）andtherelevantprovisionsoftheRulesofCourt,asaChambercomposedofthefollowingjudges:

MrR.Ryssdal,President,

MrThórVilhjálmsson,

MrL.-E.Pettiti,

SirVincentEvans,

MrA.Spielmann,

MrsE.Palm,

MrI.Foighel,

andalsoofMrM.-A.Eissen,Registrar,andMrH.Petzold,DeputyRegistrar,

Havingdeliberatedinprivateon30September1989and24January1990,

Deliversthefollowingjudgment,whichwasadoptedonthelast-mentioneddate:

PROCEDURE

1.ThecasewasreferredtotheCourtbytheEuropeanCommissionofHumanRights（"theCommission"）on16March1989,withinthethree-monthperiodlaiddownbyArticle32§1andArticle47（art.32-1,art.47）oftheConvention.Itoriginatedinanapplication（no.9310/81）againsttheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandinitiallylodgedwiththeCommissionunderArticle25（art.25）oftheConventionon31December1980bytheFederationofHeathrowAnti-NoiseGroups,whichapplicationwassubsequentlycontinuedbyRichardJohnPowellandMichaelAnthonyRayner,whoareBritishcitizens.

TheCommission’srequestreferredtoArticles44and48（art.44,art.48）andtothedeclarationwherebytheUnitedKingdomrecognisedthecompulsoryjurisdictionoftheCourt（Article46）（art.46）.TheobjectoftherequestwastoobtainadecisionfromtheCourtastowhetherthefactsofthecasedisclosedabreachbytherespondentStateofitsobligationsunderArticle13（art.13）oftheConvention.

2.InresponsetotheenquirymadeinaccordancewithRule33§3（d）oftheRulesofCourt,theapplicantsstatedthattheywishedtotakepartintheproceedingsandsoughtleave,whichwasgrantedbythePresidentoftheCourt,toberepresentedbyauniversitylawlecturerfromtheUnitedKingdom（Rule30）.

3.TheChambertobeconstitutedincludedexofficioSirVincentEvans,theelectedjudgeofBritishnationality（Article43oftheConvention）（art.43）,andMrR.Ryssdal,thePresidentoftheCourt（Rule21§3（b））.On30March1989,inthepresenceoftheRegistrar,thePresidentdrewbylotthenamesoftheotherfivemembers,namelyMrThórVilhjálmsson,MrL.-E.Pettiti,MrJ.A.CarrilloSalcedo,MrN.ValticosandMrsE.Palm（Article43infineoftheConventionandRule21§4）（art.43）.Subsequently,MrCarrilloSalcedoandMrValticos,beingunabletotakepartintheconsiderationofthecase,werereplacedbyMrA.SpielmannandMrJ.PinheiroFarinha,substitutejudges;MrPinheiroFarinhawasinturnreplacedbyMrI.Foighel（Rules22§1and24§1）.

4.MrRyssdalassumedtheofficeofPresidentoftheChamber（Rule21§5）and,throughtheDeputyRegistrar,consultedtheAgentoftheGovernment,theDelegateoftheCommissionandtherepresentativeoftheapplicantsontheneedforawrittenprocedure（Rule37§1）.Inaccordancewiththeordermadeinconsequence,theregistryreceivedtheapplicants’memorialon16June1989andtheGovernment’smemorialon23June1989.

Inaletterof18August1989,theSecretarytotheCommissioninformedtheRegistrarthattheDelegatewouldsubmithisobservationsatthehearing.

5.Havingconsulted,throughtheDeputyRegistrar,thosewhowouldbeappearingbeforetheCourt,thePresidentdirectedthattheoralproceedingsshouldopenon27September1989（Rule38）.

6.ThehearingtookplaceinpublicintheHumanRightsBuilding,Strasbourg,ontheappointedday.TheCourthadheldapreparatorymeetingimmediatelybeforehand.

ThereappearedbeforetheCourt:

-fortheGovernment

MrM.C.Wood,LegalCounsellor,

ForeignandCommonwealthOffice,Agent,

MrN.Bratza,Q.C.,Counsel,

MsP.Henderson,DepartmentofTransport,

MrE.Neve,DepartmentofTransport,Advisers;

-fortheCommission

MrE.Busuttil,Delegate;

-fortheapplicants

MsF.Hampson,LecturerinLaw

attheUniversityofEssex,Counsel.

TheCourtheardaddressesbyMrBratzafortheGovernment,byMrBusuttilfortheCommissionandbyMsHampsonfortheapplicants,aswellastheirrepliestoitsquestions.

7.VariousdocumentswerelodgedattheregistrybytheGovernmentandtheapplicantsonthedayofthehearingandondifferentdatesbetween10October1989and4January1990.

ASTOTHEFACTS

A.Background

8.Thefirstapplicant,RichardJohnPowell,isadirectorofaminingconcernandliveswithhisfamilyatEsher,Surrey,inahousewhichheboughtin1957.ThepropertyissituatedseveralmilesfromHeathrowAirport,London.Since1972ithaslainunderaflightdepartureroutefromHeathrowinoperationforaboutonethirdoftheyear,usuallyduringthesummermonths.Followingobjectionstothelevelofnoisedisturbance,theroutewasdividedintotwosectionsin1975.Atleastuntil1984MrPowell’shomefelljustwithinthe35NoiseandNumberIndex（NNI）contour,whichisconsideredtobealownoise-annoyancerating（seeparagraph10below）.Abouthalfamillionotherpeoplelivewithinthiscontourarea.Since1984thehousehasbeenwithinalowerNNIcontour.

9.Thesecondapplicant,MichaelAnthonyRayner,farmstogetherwithothermembersofhisfamilylandssituatedinColnbrook,Berkshire,whichhavebeeninhisfamilyforsomegenerations.HelivesinabungalowatColnbrookacquiredbyhisfamilyaspartofitsland-holdingin1952.Theapplicanttookupresidencetherein1961ontheoccasionofhismarriage.Thebungalowissituatedaboutoneandathirdmileswestof,andinadirectlinewith,Heathrow’snorthernrunway.Itisregularlyoverflownduringthedayandtoalimitedextentatnight.Itfallswithina60NNIcontour,whichisregardedasanareaofhighnoise-annoyanceforresidents.AccordingtothestatisticssuppliedbytheGovernment,theaverageheightofarrivingaircraftoverMrRayner’spropertyis450feetandtheaverageheightofdepartingaircraftvariesbetween1,235and2,365feetaccordingtoaircrafttype.About6,500peoplearoundHeathrowAirportexperienceanoiseexposureequaltoorgreaterthanthatsufferedbyMrRaynerandhisfamily.

10.TheNNIisalong-termaveragemeasureofnoiseexposurewhichisusedintheUnitedKingdomtoassessthedisturbancefromaircraftnoisetocommunitiesnearairports.Ittakesaccountoftwofeaturesofthenoise,namelytheaveragenoisinessandthenumberofaircraftheardduringanaveragesummerday.TheflightswhichdeterminetheNNIatanypointonthegroundarethosewhichtakeplacebetween06.00and18.00hoursGreenwichMeanTimeduringthethreebusysummermonthsofmid-Junetomid-Septemberandwhichmakeapeaknoiselevelexceeding80perceivednoisedecibels（PNdB）atthatpoint.ThepurposeoftheNNIistorepresentcommunityreactiontothelevelofaircraftnoisesoastoguideplanning,developmentandnoisecontrol.Thus,theNNIisamongstthecriteriaappliedinplanningcontrols,sothatlandwithinthe35to39NNIcontoursmaybeusedforresidentialdevelopment,planningpermissionnotbeingrefusedonnoisegroundsalone.However,landwithinthe40to50NNIcontours（moderatenoise-annoyancezone）willnotbegivenovertodevelopment,exceptfortheinfillingofexistingbuilt-upareasonconditionthatappropriatesoundinsulationisused.Nodevelopmentwhatsoeverispermittedwithinthe60NNIandovercontours（highnoise-annoyancezone）.ItistobenotedthattheNNIcalculationreflectsalogarithmicelementinthePNdBscale,whichhastheresultthateveryincreaseof10inthatscalerepresentsapproximatelyadoublingoftheloudness.

B.ThegrowthofHeathrowAirport

11.HeathrowAirportwasformallyopenedinMay1946.In1952thefirstscheduledairservicesusingjetairlinerswereinaugurated.Threeterminalswereopenedin1955,1961and1968.Afterapublicinquirywhichlastedfor24weeksandheard125witnesses,afourthterminalwasopenedin1986.Asregardsfutureexpansion,theGovernment’spolicy,asstatedinthe1985"AirportsPolicy"WhitePaper,isthattheyare"notpreparedtomakeanycommitmentsatthisstageonthequestionofafifthterminalatHeathrowbutwillkeepthematterunderreview"（CommandPaper,Cmnd9542,paragraph5.19）.

12.Heathrowisoneofthebusiestinternationalairportsintheworld.TheAirporthandled3millionpassengersin1956,overonemillionpassengersduringtheonemonthofJuly1963,22.4millionpassengersoninternationalroutesand4.4millionpassengersondomesticroutesin1973,and37.5millionpassengersoninternationalroutesand6.8millionpassengersondomesticroutesin1988.Therehasbeenacorrespondingincreaseinaircraftmovementsovertheyears.Over22%ofpassengersusetheairportasaninterchangepoint.Itiscurrentlyusedbyover70airlinesandserves200destinationsworldwide.ItistheUnitedKingdom’sleadingportintermsofvisibletradeandin1988handledcargovaluedat£26.3billion.HeathrowAirportcontributesaround£200milliontotheUnitedKingdom’sbalanceofpayments,providesdirectemploymentforsome48,600persons,inadditiontothesubstantialnumberofworkersemployedlocallyinservicingtheindustry,andpaysover£16millioninlocalratesandrents.

C.Compensationmeasures

13.CompensationforthelossofvalueofhousesandlandasaresultofairportnoiseisprovidedforbytheLandCompensationAct1973.However,suchcompensationispayableonlyinrespectofneworal