福建农林大学考博专业英语专训.docx

福建农林大学考博专业英语专训.docx

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福建农林大学考博专业英语专训

福建农林大学考博专业英语部分专训

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福建农林大学考博英语的专业英语部分占总分的60%，题型主要为英译汉，所选内容通常与农林相关，所以请任课教师上网查找更多的相关文章，下面提供几篇供参考：

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农大考博辅导资料

张莹

附件中是我整理的农大考博英语基础部分的辅导资料，我同时发给李恩福，可以根据实际需要补充或调整，恩福可以根据自己的教学需要整理部分内容发给学生作为教学讲义。

另外，福建农林大学考博英语的专业英语部分占总分的60%，题型主要为英译汉，所选内容通常与农林相关，所以请告知任课教师，附件中的专业英语部分资料仅供参考，可以上网查找一些与农林相关的文章作为教学素材，主要是指导学生如何在理解篇章的基础上，准确流畅地将英文资料翻译成中文。

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将下列文章翻译成汉语：

UNsaysfoodproductionmustrise;how'FertilizerTrees'couldhelp

TheUnitedNationsestimatesthatworldfoodproductionwillhaveincreasedby 70percentby2050.Aworldpopulationgrowinginnumberandwealthwillrequireonebilliontonsmoregraineachyear,and200milliontonsmoremeat.

TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationsaysthosegainswillhavetohappenlargelyonexistinglandthrough"sustainableintensification."

Officialssaythenewreportprovidesthefirst"globalassessmentofthestateoftheplanet'slandresources."Itsayslargepartsofallcontinentsareexperiencingdamage.One-fourthofalllandisdescribedas"highlydegraded."Thegreatestthreatsarelossesofsoilquality,biodiversityandwaterresources.

NewagriculturalmethodsandtechnologyincreasedfoodproductioninmanycountriesduringtheGreenRevolution.Croplandincreasedbytwelvepercentfrom1961to2009--yetproductiongrewby 150percent.

Butthenewreportwarnsthatproductionrateshavebeenslowinginmanyareas.Intoomanyplaces,itsays,practicesthathaveincreasedproductionhavealsoharmedthelandandwater.Itcallsforgreateruseofwaysthatcanexpandproductionwhilelimitingdamagetoecosystems.

Onesuchpracticemightbetheuseof"fertilizertrees."Thesearefast-growingtreesandshrubswhoseleavesandrootshelpimprovesoil.Arecentstudyfoundthatabout400,000farmersinsouthernAfricaareusingthem.

ThestudyappearedintheInternationalJournalofAgriculturalSustainability.LeadauthorOluyedeAjayiisseniorscientistattheWorldAgroforestryCenterinNairobi,Kenya.

OLUYEDEAJAYI:

"Basicallythesearetreesthatcanfixnitrogenfromtheatmosphereafndconvertthemintonitratesforfertilizer,fororganicfertilizer,forthesoil."

Farmerswhoplantedfertilizertreesreporteddoublethemaizeproductionofotherfarmers.InZambia,thefertilizedfieldsprovidedupto114additionaldaysoffood.

Farmerssaytheyneedlessrainwateriftheyusefertilizertrees.Thetreesreducewaterrunoffandsoilerosion.

MrAjayisaystheprojectbeganwhenscientistsweretryingtoidentifythemainthreatstofoodsecurity.

OLUYEDEAJAYI:

"Weactuallygotstartedbyabout 20yearsagotryingtodiagnose,tolookat,thechiefproblemswithinthecountry,withintheregion."

Thefarmersthemselvesdesignedandmanagedpartofthetestinginthefield,andspreadthewordoftheirsuccesses.

Climatechangethreatensworldfoodproduction

Highertemperaturesandchangingrainfallpatternsresultingfromglobalclimatechangewillthreatenfoodproductioninmanypartsoftheworld-especiallyregionsinthetropicsalreadystrugglingwithfoodsecurity,accordingtoanewreport.

Howclimatechangeaffectsyoudependson取决于morethanjusthowitaffectsyourlocalweather.Italsodependsonhowmuchtheweathermatterstoyourlivelihood,andhowwellyoucancopewiththechanges.

Identifyingfoodinsecurityhotspots

PhilipThornton,withtheInternationalLivestockResearchInstitute,isoneoftheauthorsofthenewreport,ajointeffortbyagroupofinternationalagriculturalresearchcenters.Thorntonandhiscolleagueswantedtofindwhattheycalled"hotspots"offuturefoodinsecurityplaceswiththegreatestexposuretoclimatechange,highestsensitivitytoitsimpacts,andtheleastabilitytocopewiththem.

Otherstudieshavelookedattheeffectofclimatechangeongrowingconditionsincertainregions.ButThorntonsaysfiguringouthowthatinteractswithotherfactorsaffectingfoodsecurityisachallenge.

"It'sverydifficulttolookdirectlyatthingslikesensitivityofthefoodsystemstoclimatechangeimpacts,oreventhecopingcapacityofpopulationstoaddresstheimpacts.Andsoweusedproxies."

Theyusedaregion'scroplandareaasaproxyforsensitivitytoclimatechangebecausechangesintheweatherwouldhavebiggerimpactsonareaswithmorefarmland.Toexaminecopingcapacity,theylookedatnationaldataontheprevalenceofchildrenstuntedbymalnutrition.

Theycombinedthisdatawithclimatechangemodelsthatpredicttheimpactsontemperatureandrainfallby2050tocomeupwithmapsofthemostvulnerableareas最脆弱的地区ofthetropics.

'Doublewhammy'

Forexample,highertemperaturesareexpectedtoshortengrowingseasonsinthetropics.Thereportlooksatareasexpectedtolosemorethan5percentofthegrowingseasonandfindsabout370millionpeoplehighlyvulnerabletothisimpact.

ThatareaincludesmuchofSouthAsia,especiallyIndia;Nigeria,Niger,MaliandotherpartsofWestAfrica;andpartsofSudan,Ethiopia,Uganda,ZambiaandotherareasofEastandSouthernAfrica.

Theseareregions,Thorntonnotes,wherehungerisalreadyaproblem."It'salmostlikeadouble-whammy,ifyoulike."

Othercriteriagivesmallerimpacts.Butthebasicoutlinesarethesame.

KansasStateUniversityprofessorChuckRicewasamemberofthe2007UNIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.Henotesthatsomeofthecountriesmostsensitivetoclimatechangeandleastabletocopewithit,alsohaveamongthehighestratesofpopulationgrowth,whichputsyetanotherstrain负担ontheirfoodsecurity.

"Ithinkthatreallypushestheneedforincreasingfunding,notonlyforresearchbutforoutreacheffortstodevelopmitigation,butalsoadaptationstrategies."

Expertssaythosestrategiesincludeswitchingtomoredrought-andheat-tolerantcrops,betterwatermanagementtechniquesandinsuranceforcropsandlivestock牲畜；家畜tohelpfarmerscopewiththeclimatechangesexpectedduringthecomingdecades.

Climatechange:

morefundingneededforagricultureadaptation

Climatechange:

morefundingneededforagricultureadaptation

[2010-12-0715:

21]

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AUNagencysaystherearemajorfundinggapsineffortstohelptheagriculturalsectoradapttoclimatechange.TheFoodandAgricultureOrganization,theFAO,saysthiscouldaffectfoodsecurity.ThewarningcomesastheUNClimateChangeConferencecontinuesinCancun,Mexico.

TheWorldBankestimatesitwillcostabout$2.5billionayear–forthenext40years–tohelpagricultureindevelopingcountriesadapttoclimatechange.Otherestimatessaycostscouldrunashighat$14billionayear.

However,theFAOsays,"Availablefinancingmechanismsaresubstantiallyinsufficienttomeettheclimatechangeandfoodsecuritychallengesfacedbytheagriculturalsector.农业部门"This,despitethefactthattheFAOsaystherearemanyexamplesofhowagriculturecanbecomemoreresilient.

FAOSeniorEnvironmentalEconomistLeslieLippersays,"It'snotjustsettingupthemechanisms;it'sactuallygettingacommitmentoftheresources.OneofthepointsintheFAOdocumentisthatthere'snotenoughinvestmentresourcesbeingcommitted.Eveninthecontextofclimatechangeadaptation（for）agriculture,there'snotsufficientresourcestocoverwhatthecostsare."

What'smore,shesays,"Andthenitiscomplicatedsometimestosetupthemechanismstoactuallygetthefinancingwhereyouneedittogo."

Creativefinancing

Lippersaysonepossiblesolutionistolinkfundingforclimatechangeadaptationtootherprograms.

"Wealsolookatthepotentialtolinkwithexistingfinancingmechanismsforagriculturaldevelopmentandoverseasdevelopmentassistance.Andworkthroughthoseinordertoreducethecostsofgettingthisfinancingin,"shesays.

Theglobaleconomiccrisisisonereasonforthelackoffinancing.

"Wellitdoesn'thelp,"saysLipper,"butthere'sbeenalongtermdecreaseininvestmentinagriculture.So,no,it'snotjustthat.It'salackofrecognitionoftheimportanceofthesectorandalackofpoliticalcommitmenttoreallymeetthecommitmentstodecreasefoodinsecurityandalsonowtomeetclimatechangemitigationadaptation."

TheUNestimatestheagriculturalsectorwillneedtofeed9billionpeopleby2050.

Lippersays,"Firstofall,weknowthatdevelopingcountryagricultureneedstogrowinordertoprovidethebasisforachievingfoodsecurity–providefoodandincomesforpeople,theruralpoor.Wealsoknowthey'llbefacingadaptation.Weneedfundsintheretogetmoreresilienttypeofproductionsystems.They'refacingmorevariabilityofclimateshocksandthere'saneedtomaketheproductionsystemsmorestable."

ButtheFAOeconomistsaysthenewsisn'tallbad.

"Alotofthesamechangesthatyouwantforincreasingpeople'sincomes,foodproductionandresilience,alsogiveyouamitigationbenefit,whichmeanseitherreducingemissionsorincreasingcarbondetentioneitherinsoilsorinplants.Basicallypullingtheemissionsbackandputtingitbackintheground.Andthathasanadditionalbenefit,"shesays.

Sheadds,"Wethinkthatbycombiningmitigation.减轻；缓和；平静adaptationfinancingforthesekindsofthingsisonepotentialwayofdealingwiththisissueoftheinvestmentgap."我们认为帮助它们结合了缓解适应气候变化的融资是一个潜在的方法处理这个投资缺口

TheFAOalsosaysdevelopingcountriesshouldhavenationalpoliciesthatencourageprivateinvestmentinmitigationandadaptation.