外文翻译一浅析邮政服务与快递服务的异同二基于车队调度的特点分析快递服务的网络设计大学论文.docx
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外文翻译一浅析邮政服务与快递服务的异同二基于车队调度的特点分析快递服务的网络设计大学论文.docx
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外文翻译一浅析邮政服务与快递服务的异同二基于车队调度的特点分析快递服务的网络设计大学论文
毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译
2012届
译文一:
浅析邮政服务与快递服务的异同
译文二:
基于车队调度的特点分析快递服务的网络设计
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SERVICES:
THECASEOFPOSTALVERSUSEXPRESSDELIVERYSERVICES
MichaelG.Plummer
1Introduction
Indevelopedcountries,servicescontinuetoconstitutebyfarthelargestshareofnationaleconomies.Forexample,intheEUandtheUnitedStates,approximatelyseventyandeightypercent,respectively,oftheeconomyfallsunderthegeneralrubricofservices.Serviceshavealsoincreasedinimportanceintrade:
intheyear2000,theshareofservicesintotalexportscametoapproximately28percentintheUnitedStatesand22percentintheEU,withanaveragefortheentireOECDcomingtoabout19percent.
Thesametrendisobservableindevelopingcountries.Duringthedevelopmentprocess,itistypicalthat:
(1)agriculturefallsasapercentageofGDP;
(2)manufacturingfirstrisesandthenfallsastheeconomymatures;but(3)servicescontinuetogrowthroughoutthe
developmentprocess.Asapercentageoftrade,servicesexportsofdevelopingcountrieshaverisenfromninepercentin1980(approximatelyhalftheshareofdevelopedcountries)toabouteighteenpercentin2000,onaparwiththatofthedevelopedcountries.
Giventhecomplicatedanddiversenatureoftradeinservices,liberalizationatthegloballevelcanbemoredelicateandinmanywaysmoredifficultthantradeingoods.Servicescanbehightechorlowtech;inputsand/orfinalproducts;privately-providedorpublicly-provided;andcloselyrelatedtootherareas,suchasforeigndirectinvestment
(“FDI”).Manyservicesareas,however,stillincludegovernmentinvolvement,andstateprerogativesincertainareasarerecognized
bytheGATS.Moreover,tradeingoodstendstobeseparatefromFDI,thoughclearlythereexistindirectlinksbetweentradeandFDI.Intheareaofservices,however,tradeinservicescanbeintricatelylinkedtoFDI;insomesectors,tradeinservicesisimpossiblewithoutFDI.
Inthischapter,wewillfocusontheneedforservicesliberalizationintheglobaleconomy,withafocusondevelopingcountries.Moreover,wewillusetheprocessandcomplicationsassociatedwiththeliberalizationofexpressdeliveryservicesasacasestudy.Thisareaisparticularlyinterestingbecause:
(a)itisanindustrythathasbecome
highlyinternational;(b)ithasbecomeanimportantinputtoavarietyofemergingindustriesandakeyingredientinthecompetitivenessoffirmsandcountries;(c)liberalizationrunsupagainstvariouscompetitionpolicyissues,especiallysinceitpotentiallyaffectsprivateandpublicservices5;and(d)itisexactlythetypeofindustrywheregreaterinternationalaccesscreatedthroughglobalagreementscanproducemajorbenefitstodevelopedanddevelopingcountriesalike.
2ServicesLiberalizationandtheStakesforEconomicDevelopment
AseriesofmultilateralnegotiationsundertheauspicesoftheGATT/WTOhavebeenverysuccessfulinbringingdownbarrierstotradeinmanufacturedgoods.Developingcountrytariffsare,ingeneral,muchhigherthaninthedevelopedworld,butalargemajorityofdevelopingcountrieshasliberalizedsubstantiallytradeinmanufacturesoverthepastfifteenyears.Infact,mostofthebenefitsthatwouldaccruetoglobalfreetradewouldgotodevelopingcountries,accordingtovariouscomputationalgeneralequilibriummodelsthathavebeenusedtoestimatesucheffects.
Thedevelopingworldisadifferentstory.Agriculturecontinuestoplayanimportantroleintheeconomyingeneralandintradeinparticularintheleast-developedcountriesandinmanymiddle-incomecountries.Inordertobesuccessful,theDohaRoundwillhavetoincludeatleastsomeagriculturalliberalizationifthedevelopingcountriesaregoingtoagreetoanyaccord.Still,asthedevelopmentprocessunfolds,manufacturesand,especially,serviceswillbecomeincreasinglyimportant.Asnotedabove,serviceshavebeengrowingrapidlyinimportanceandalreadyconstituteeighteenpercentofdeveloping-countryexports.
Anassociationbetweenrapidrealeconomicgrowthandrapidgrowthinservicestradedoesnotmeanthatthelattercausedtheformer.Suchestimationismuchmorecomplicated;indeed,thereexistsachicken-and-eggsimultaneityproblemhere.However,regardlessofwhichcauseswhich,thedevelopmentoftheservicessectorisclearlyanimportantpartofthedevelopmentprocess.
Thecaseforeconomicreformandliberalizationisjusttoostrong.Countriesthathavesustainedeconomicliberalizationhaveprospered;theonesthathavenotprosperedgenerallydonothaveoutward-orientedpoliciestoblamebutratherothereconomic-contextualproblems.Itishardtopromotegrowth—letalonelong-termdevelopment—inanatmosphereofhyper-inflationorcivilwar.Chinahasusedeconomicreformtotransformtheworld’smostpopulouscountryfromaleast-developed,autarkiceconomyintoanoutward-orientedeconomicpowerhouse;Vietnam’sreformsoverthepastfifteenyearshavecutpovertyratesfromone-halftoone-fifthofthepopulation.However,theprocessofeconomicliberalizationindevelopingcountrieshasgenerallylefttheservicessectorforlast.
3TheCaseforSeparatingPostalfromExpressDeliveryServicesinGATS
Expressdeliveryservicesconstituteaninterestingcasestudyinservice-sectorliberalization.Theirimportanceintheday-to-dayactivitiesoffirmshasincreasedsubstantiallyoverthepastfifteenyears,asevidencedbyrapidgrowthintheindustry.Indeed,expressdeliveryserviceshavenowbecomeanessential“infrastructure”todoingbusinessformanycompanies,aswellasbeinganincreasinglyimportantserviceforindividuals.Moreover,expressdeliveryservicesareparticularlynecessaryformultinationalsand,hence,easyaccesstomarketsbyexpressdeliveryprovidersisimportantinattractingFDIinflows,particularlyindevelopingcountries.
A.TheGeneralProblem
Thisiswherethedifficultylies:
expressdeliveryservicesareoftenconsideredacompetitortopostal-serviceproviders,whicharealmostinvariablystate-owned.Hence,liberalizationinthisareahasbeentricky,constrainedbycompetinginterestsfrombothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandbasedonamisunderstandingofthemarketinwhichbasicpostalservicesareconfusedwithexpressdeliveryservices(wearguebelowthattheyarerelatedbutdistinct).Itwillbearguedinthischapterthatexistingrealitiesemphasizetheneedtoseparateexpressdeliveryservicesfrompostalactivities.
Expressdeliveryservicesneedtobethoroughlydifferentiatedfromtraditionalpostalservices,bothbecauseoftheclearsubstantivedifferencesbetweenthetwoandthedefinedpurviewofGATS.Failuretodosowillleadtomixingapplesandorangestothedetrimentofmemberstates,betheydevelopedordevelopingcountries.ItcouldalsothwartprogressinDohaAgendanegotiations.
B.CurrentClassifications
ExpressdeliveryservicesarecurrentlyclassifiedbytheWTOServicesClassificationList(W/120),underboth“postal”and“courier”services.Theonlydistinctionbetweenpostalandcourierservicesisthattheformerrefertopublic-sectorofferedservices,whereasthelatterareprivate.Hence,ithastodowithownershipratherthanproduct,whichisunusualintheareaofinternationaltrade.Thistypeofclassificationleadstoagreatdealofconfusionoftheissues,aswellascomplicationsregardingcompetitionpolicy.
TheUSPostalServiceisanindependentgovernmentorganizationthatessentiallyhasamonopolyondeliveryoflettersandotheractivities.IntheUnitedStates,likeothercountries,thepostalserviceareaisdominatedbydomesticissuesratherthaninternationalones.But,whiletheUnitedStatesandEUhavemuchatstake,failuretoseparateclearlyUSO-relatedfromexpress-deliveryserviceswouldbeevenmoretothedisadvantageofdevelopingcountries.Thus,inmanyways,inclusionofexpressdeliveryservicesliberalizationasaseparateitemfrompostalservicesundertheDohaTradeAgendawillbemoreimportanttodevelopingthantodevelopedcountries.
C.ExistingPositionsRegardingLiberalization
AstheWTObeginsitspreparationsfortheDohaTradeAgenda,expressdeliveryserviceswilllikelyplayagreaterrolethantheyeverhaveinthepast.Theindustryhasbeengrowingrapidlyandhasbecomeveryinternational,evenwithoutGATS-relatedliberalizationhelpingtofosterit.Atpresent,thesituationdoesnotlenditselftotoomuchoptimism,asanumberofproposalsthathavebeentabledthusfarareconservativeandwillprobablydolittle.
Thusfar,therehavebeenanumberofproposalstabledinthegeneralareaofpostalandcourierservices,madebydeveloping(MERCOSUR,Bolivia,andHongKong)anddeveloped(EU,US,NewZealand)economies.Oneapproach19involveseliminatingadistinctionbetweenpostalservicesandcourierservices.Anotherapproachdefinesexpressdeliveryservicesspecificallyasbeingseparatefromcourierandpostalservicesandhavingasingleheading.Underthisapproach,then,member-stateswouldbeabletoproposeliberalizationofexpressdeliveryservicesdirectly.Thisheadingcouldthenbecomepartofabroaderrangeoftransportationactivitiesintheglobalizationofthesupply-chainmanagement.
4Summary
Thesalientresultsofthisstudycanbesummarizedasfollows:
Servicesingeneralandtradeinservicesinparticularhavebecomeincreasinglyimportanttodevelopedanddevelopingcountries,bothasfinalproductsandasinputstootherproductiveactivities.
TherelationshipbetweenservicesandFDI(undermode3)isextremelystrong;hence,servicesliberalizationisimportan
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