Ezra Pound.docx
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Ezra Pound.docx
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EzraPound
∙Introduction
ThepoemsofCathaycontributepositivelytoliteraryandculturalinteractionbetweentheChineseaudiencesandtheEnglishaudiences.Byandlarge,CathayoughttobeviewedasarecreationtranslationfromtheChineseclassicpoetry.IntermsofitsrelationstotheChineseclassicpoetryandFenollosa'smanuscripts,theintermediarytranslationsbaseon,notallsourcetextsareselectedandnotallqualitieshavebeentransferredinCathay,includinglossoflocaltaste,ofrigidrhythmandformoftheoriginals.Onthecontrary,Cathaypresentsusanewmask:
colloquialinlanguage,graphicspaceinversifying,andflexibleinitsmovement.
AccordingtoPound'sstrategies,thecreativetranslationappliedinChinesepoetrytranslationwouldproduceaversethatreadslikea"good"Englishpoembutinfactdistorttheoriginalinmanymanners.Atranslatorwhotriesinthiswayusuallyneedssuperliterarytalent,forhecannotproduce"good"verseifnotanexcellentpoethimself.Poundwasagiftedpoet,sohedidthejobwell.ButperhapstheresultofPound'spracticehashadsomucheffectuponpoetrythatpeoplenoticeonlyPound'sinnovatingImagismandneglecthiscontributiontotranslation.
Ⅰ BriefIntroductionofEzraPound
EzraPound(1885-1972),aleadingspokesmanofthe"ImagistMovement,"wasoneofthemostimportantpoetsinhistime.Despitethefactisthathewaspoliticallycontroversialandnotoriousforwhathedidinthewartime,Pound'sliterarytalentsareextraordinary.Hecomposedpoems,wrotecriticismsanddidtranslations.
1.1 EzraPound’sEducationBackground
EzraPoundwasborninHailey,Idahoin1885.ButhewasbroughtupinPhiladelphia.HemadehisfirstvisittoEuropewithhisfamilyin1892and1902.AttheageoftwelvePoundenteredCheltenham,amilitaryschool,wherehewasintroducedtoGreekandLatin.Justbeforehissixteenthbirthday,PoundenteredtheUniversityofPennsylvania,andin1903hetransferredtoHamiltonCollege,wherehestudiedAnglo-SaxonandRomance(罗曼语,拉丁系语言)languages.Hereceivedhisbachelor’sdegreein1905.Hewasundoubtedlyagenius.Beforegraduatingfromuniversity,hehadmasteredninelanguages.SuchasEnglish,Latin,German,French,Italian,Spanish,Provencal(普罗旺斯语),Anglo-Saxon,GreekandRomancelanguages,whichlaidagoodfoundationforhislaterliteraryandtranslationcareer.(Net.2)
1.2 PoundasaPoet
HetaughtRomancelanguagesatWabashCollegeinIndianaforashorttimein1907.However,histeachingcareerwascutshortwhenhehadentertainedanactressthatheallowedtostayovernightwithhiminhisroom.
In1908PoundtraveledwidelyinEurope,workingasajournalist.Hisfirstbookofpoems,ALumeSpento(1908),wasprivatelyprintedinVenice.HethenmovedtoLondonandcameintocontactwithT.E.HulmelaterfoundedimagismtogetherwithH.D.andRichardAldington.Andtheyeditedtheirfirstanthology,DesImagists(1914).IntheirmanifestotheImagistspromised:
"1.Directtreatmentofthe'thing'whethersubjectiveorobjective.2.Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation.3.Asregardingrhythm:
tocomposeinthesequenceofmusicalphrase,notinsequenceofametronome."Pound'sshort"one-imagepoem"'InaStationoftheMetro'isamongthemostcelebratedImagistworks:
"Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;/Petalsonawet,blackbough."PoundhadseenasuccessionofbeautifulfacesonedayontheParisMetro,andintheeveninghefoundsuddenlytheexpressionforhissuddenemotion
1.3 PoundasaTranslator
In1913withthenotebooksoftheOrientalistErnestFenollosa,hepursuedalifelongstudyofancientChinesetexts,andtranslatedamongothersthewritingsofConfucius.Pound'stranslationsbasedonFenollosa'snotes,collectedinCathay(1915),areconsideredamongthemostbeautifulofhiswritings.EzraPound’sCathay(1915)isthefirstcollectionofChineseclassicalpoetrypublishedinAmerica.Thesmallpamphletwasagreatsuccess,asitnotonlyattractedthewesterneyestotheorientalworld,butalsoputforwardtheImagismmovement.Beingasensitive,rebelliouspoeticspiritaswellasamulti-lingualtranslator,EzraPoundhadinexhaustibleinfluenceupontheAmericanpoetryandthetranslationofChineseclassicalpoetry.
TheFirstWorldWarwokePoundupfromhisintensepoeticoccupations,andpushedhimintotheinterestforeconomicsandpolitics,whichprovedtobeunfortunateforhim.Inthelate1930s’s,Pounddevotedmuchofhisenergytodefendingfascism.Attheendofthewar,hewasarrestedbytheU.S.militaryauthorities.Afterbeingdeclaredinsane,HewassenttoSt.Elizabeth’sHospitalinWashington,D.C.
In1958,thejointeffortofsucheminentpersonalitiesasT.S.Eliot,RobertFrost,andErnestHemingwaysecuredhisrelease.HereturnedtoItaly,whereheworkeduntilhisdeathin1972.
∙Ⅱ EzraPound’sCreativeTranslationofChineseClassicalPoems
EzraPound’sCathayisagreatsuccess.Hetranslated19classicalChinesepoetsintoEnglish.Atthesametime,manyothersscholars,foreignordomestic,havebeenengagedintranslatingtheclassicalChineseculturetotheworld.However,thetaskhasneverbeeneasy.Inthehistoryofversetranslation,thereemergedthreedifferenttypesoftranslating.Namely“metaphase”orliteraltranslationrepresentedbyArthurWaley;liberaltranslationrepresentedGiles.AndadaptationorcreativerepresentedbyEzraPound.ThispaperstudiestheEzraPound’stranslationtheoryanddemonstratesitsadvantages.
2.1 TheDefinitionofCreativeTranslationofChineseClassicalPoems
Withthepassageoftimepeopleseemtobeforgettinghiswartimefolliesandbeginningtoevaluatehisachievementasapoet,andhascometorealizethathehashelpedtomakemodernpoetry.Andassuchhewillberemembered.
InPound’sliteraryworks,itisoftendifficulttotelltranslationoradaptationfromoriginalcomposition.Translationtopoundassumesanimportanceseldomfoundinothermodernpoets.Tosomeextent,Pound’spoeticsisessentiallythepoeticsoftranslation.Actually,histranslationtheoriesreinforcedandpromotedhisimagistpoetics.Pounddoesn’tseemuchdifferencebetweenapoetandapoemtranslator.Apoemtranslatorshouldexploredeepintothemindofthepoettothinkwhathethoughtandtofeelwhathefelt,sothattheoverlapofmindcouldoccurandtheculturalandlinguisticbarrierscouldbesurpassed.Thusthetranslationcouldachievefidelitytotheoriginalonbothmeaningandatmosphere. Pounddoesn’tputmuchemphasisonwordsandsentences.Instead,heputshimselfinthepositionofthepoetandsummarizesthepoet’sthoughtsandemotions,thenturnsitintothetargetlanguage.Wordsandsentencedarenotthesourcetextforhim.Butmerelyamediatointroducehimtosourcetextwhichisthethoughtsandfeelingofthepoet.ThisiswecalledadaptivewayofpoetrytranslationwhichhascometobeadominantstrategyintwentiethcenturyfuelledalsobythedevelopmentofEnglishfreeverse.
2.2 EzraPound’CreativeStrategiesinTranslatingPoeticElements
Thoughasapracticaltranslatorratherthanatranslationtheorist,Poundmadesomenoteworthystatementsconcerningtranslatingactivity.Inhowtoreadspecialpointsconcerningthetranslationofdifferentelementsinpoetryelaborated.Thelanguageischargedorenergizedinvariousmattersthataretosaytherearethreekindofpoetry.Namely,Melopoeia,Phanopoeia,logpoeia.Hemakesthreekindofdistinctioninhisthinkingaboutthetranslationofpoetry,andendeavorstodefineelementsthataremoreorlesstranslatable.Hesuggeststherearetherekindsofpoetrythatmaybefoundinanyliterature,thefirstis
2.2.1 TheMelodyofPoetry
Melopoeia(themelodyofpoetry):
wordsaresurchargedwithmusicalpropertythatdirectstheshapeofthemeaning.Thismusicalqualitycanbeappreciatedbytheforeignerwiththesensitiveear,butcannotbetranslated,exceptperhapsbydivineaccidentorevenhalfalineatatime.
InARetrospect,Pounddevotedalotofspacetodiscussingrhythmandrhyme.Heinsistsitisnotnecessarythatapoemshouldrelyonitsmusic,butifitdoesrelyonitsmusicmustbesuchaswilldelighttheexpertdon’tchopyourstuffintoseparateiambsnaturally,yourrhythmicstructureshouldnotdestroytheshapeofyourwordsortheirnaturalsoundortheirmeaninghebelievesinabsoluterhythmarhythmthatisinpoetrywhichcorrespondsexactlytotheemotionorshadeofemotiontobeexpressed.Thatistosayonlywhenthethingbuildsuparhythmmorebeautifulthanthatofsetmetersormorerealmoreapartoftheemotionofthething,moregermaneintimateinterpretativethanthemeasureofregularaccentualversearhythmwhichdiscontentsonewithsetiambicorrhythmcanbeseenChineseclassicalpoemshoweverhasstrictrhythmpatternsofping平,ze仄,wulv五律,wujue五绝,qilv七律,andqijue七绝allhavefixed rhythmwithoutwhichthepoemswillbedevalued.ThoughPoundreceivespoemsofthesecondhandsourcehisliteraryinsightguaranteeshisawarenessofChineserhythmthethoroughexaminationofall19poemsofCathayrevealsthatpoundmakesnoefforttopreservetheoriginalrigidrhythmatall.Takeseparationontheriverkiangasanexample:
送孟浩然之广陵 separationontheriverkiang
李白 byEzraPound
古人西辞黄鹤楼, ko-jingoeswestfromkokako-ro,
烟花三月下扬州。
Thesmoke-flowersareblurredovertheriver.
孤帆远影碧空尽, hislonesailblot
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