文献翻译材料的处理和特性.docx
- 文档编号:10789026
- 上传时间:2023-02-22
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:16
- 大小:29.72KB
文献翻译材料的处理和特性.docx
《文献翻译材料的处理和特性.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《文献翻译材料的处理和特性.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
文献翻译材料的处理和特性
附录AMaterialTreatmentandProperties
HeatTreatment
Heattreatmentisatermappliedtoavarietyofproceduresforchangingthecharacteristicsofmetalbyheatingandcooling.Byproperheattreatment,itispossibletoobtaincertaincharacteristicsinmetalsuchashardness,tensilestrength(abilitytoresiststretching),andductility.Heattreatmentcanbeasimpleprocessrequiringfewtools.Inindustry,itisahighlyscientificandcomplicatedprocedurerequiringmuchequipment.
Manyoftheprojectsorproductsmadeinthemachineshophavelittleornovalueuntiltheyareheat-treated.Thisarticleincludesonlythemostelementaryinformationabouttheheattreatmentofsteel.Heattreatmentcanalsobedoneonmanyofthenonferrousmetalssuchasaluminum,copperandbrass.Theproceduresaredifferent,however,andwillnotbeconsideredhere.
Theproceduresofheattreatmentofsteelincludehardening,tempering,annealing,andcasehardening.
Hardening
Hardeningisaprocessofheatingandcoolingsteeltoincreaseitshardnessandtensilestrength,toreduceitsductility,andtoobtainafinegrainstructure.Theprocedureincludesheatingthemetalaboveitscriticalpointortemperature,followedbyrapidcooling.Assteelisheated,aphysicalandchemicalchangetakesplacebetweentheironandcarbon.Thecriticalpoint,orcriticaltemperature,isthepointatwhichthesteelhasthemostdesirablecharacteristics.Whensteelreachesthistemperature—somewherebetween1,400andl600°F—thechangeisidealtomakeforahard,strongmaterialifftiscooledquickly.Ifthemetalcoolsslowly,itchangesbacktoitsoriginalstate.Byplungingthehotmetalintowater,oil,orbrine(quenching),thedesirablecharacteristicsareretained.Themetalisveryhardandstrongandlessductilethanbefore.
Heatingisdoneinafurnacefiredbygas,oil,orelectricity.Adevicecalledapyrometerisattachedtothefurnace.Thisaccuratelyregisterstheexacttemperatureinthefurnace.Thetemperatureofthemetalcanalsobedeterminedbyobservingitscolour.Youcanmakeuseofthecolourswhenheat-treatingsimplemetalpartsandtools.Coloursarenotveryaccurate,however.Eventheexpertheat-treaterwillbeoffasmuchas20°Ffromthetruetemperature.
Thehardeningprocedureis:
1.Pointofstovestoreachtheappropriatetemperature
2.Themetalintostoves,heatingittothecriticaltemperatureforcarbontoolsteel,inordertoachievethistemperature,eachone-inchthickabout20-30minutes.Inordertoquenchtemperaturesreachedarehot,eachone-inchthickaboutfoodwarming10-15minutes.
3.Choosetheappropriatecoolant.Certainsteelsinthewatercooling,whileotherssteelsinoilorwatertocool.Water-carbonsteelhardeningisthemostwidelyusedcoolant.Becausewaterpricescheapeffect.Salinewaterisusuallyaddedtothe9%intheordinarysaltproduced.Salinehelptoachieveamoreuniformhardnessforthewholepartsfastercooling.Someoilwillquenchslowerpace.Mostquenchoilismineraloil
4.Removewithtongsheatedmetaltovotepeoplecoolant.Thickmetalcoolanttoenablerapidanduniformlycool.Ifthisisthefinalpieceofthin(likeknivesorleaves),toquenchherwhilecoolanttobeQiaoqu.Ifsidecoolingfasterthantheotherside,itwillproduceacertainQiaoqu.
5.ThenormalhardeningtoolsteelwillstiffenBiancuiandhavehightensilestrength.Itwillalsohavetostress.Ifleftinthisstate,whichwouldmakethemetaloccurredwithinstresscracks.
Flashbackarrestorsalowerhardnessandintensityandenhanceresilienceapproach.Itcaneliminatethebrittlenessquenchher.Crowdedinthehardeningofthemetaltostiffenafterachangeinpersonalways.Flashbackistore-heatingthemetaltoalowormoderatetemperature,andthenJilengorintheaircooling.Whenmetalcrowdedheating,butalsochangesintheircolour.Thesecolourscalledtemperingcolor.Thesecanbeobservedfromtimetoknowwhatcolourtothetemperature.Ofcourse,amoreprecisemethodisobservationofhigh-temperature.Manypartsandproductsaretotheoverallbackfire.Othersarepartoftheflashback,andtheremainderarestillinthehardeningstate.
Temperingmethodisasfollows:
1.Theflashbacktotheoverall,theentireworkingtoputstovesLane.Furtherheatingtotheappropriatetemperaturetoachievetherequiredstrengthandresilience.Removethemetalandrapidcooling.
2.Smallcuttingtoolsfortheflashback:
A.Theentiremachinetoolhardening,usingemeryclothtoremoveoxideskin
B.OfapieceofscrapmetaltoChekthermalheatingdegree.
C.Onthemetalcuttingtools,theedgeofbladeDepartmentplacedoutsidethisChekhotmetal
D.Observercrowdedcolor,whenappropriatetooledgeofbladecolorstotheDepartment,itJileng.
Annealannealistosoftenthesteeltoeliminateinternalstressapproach.Thiswillenablethesteeleasierprocessing.Steelheatedtoatemperatureabovethethresholdandthenslowlycooling.Themostcommonlyusedmethodistoheatthesteeltostoveshaveitrevealed.Thenturnthestovesformetalslowlycooling.Anothermethodistousemetalclaypacksupandheatingittothecriticaltemperature,thenremovefromstove,letitcoolslowly.
Caseishardertoquantifyblackmetalcase,thesurfaceortheinteriorfloors.Throughcarbonaddedtoalow-carbonsteelsurface,aheattreatmenttothesurfaceitcanstiffen,andthecenter,thatis,coreandtheDepartmentremainssoftresilience.
Therearemanywaystomeasurethesurface.Inindustry,theuseofmeltingofcyanide(whichcalledcyanidation).Anothermethodiscarburizationindustriallaw.Thisisaoneofthewaystousecarbonfromthe。
Dead,pistonsalesandothermustwithstandvibrationandwearalotofpartsoftheActcanbeusedforprocessing.However,thelawmustnotbeusedforanybenefittohimselfthefinal.
Mechanicalpropertiesofmetal
Mechanicalperformanceismaterialplusloadsroleintheemergingidentityofthemeasure.Inotherwords,themechanicalpropertiesofmetalsisinaroleofpowerormorepower,withtheintensity.Theyknowtheintensityofmetalperformancecanbuildasolidsecuritystructure,theintensityiscarryingapayloadofmetal(externalforces)withoutfracturecapacity.
Intensitycharacteristicsusuallyrefertothetensilestrength,Kangwanintensity,andcompressivestrength,Kangniuintensity,andbeamintensity,fatiguestrengthandimpactstrength.
1.Stressisamaterialinternalresistancedeformationcapacitythroughadditionalloadtomeasurestress
2.Responsebythestressarisingfromthedeformation.Responsetothesizeofeachcmdeformationtoexpress
3.Metalfractureordeformationinaflexible,externalforcesbacktotheiroriginalshapewhenremoved.Rubber-bandiswhatisthebestexampleofflexibility.Rubberarm,ifknobloosened,itwouldreverttotheoriginalshape.However,ifmorethanarubberarmwas,itwouldbreak.Flexiblemetalalsohavethesamecharacter.
4.Limitisflexiblematerialinstretch,addedstressisnotremovedaftertheyreturntotheformerstateofdeformationofthegreateststress.
.Flexiblemoduleswithinthelimitsofflexibilityinthevolumestressandpullover.Muststressroleinthedeformationofmaterialssmaller,highervolumeflexiblemodules.Throughmoreflexiblemodulesofthesize,wecaneasilyidentifytherelativesupplyofdifferentmaterials.Formanymachinesandstructures,chemicalorcutisveryimportant.
6.Tensilestrengthistheresistanceofthemetaltopullitofftheoutside.Itismoreimportanttoidentifythetargetmetalone.
7.Compressivestrengthistheresistanceofmetalcrushingcapacity.Ontheroleofloaddirection,andstretchcompressionpreciselytheopposite.Mostmetalshaveahightensilestrengthandcompressivestrength.However,thebrittlenessmaterialssuchascastironhighcompressivestrength,butonlyamediumtensilestrength
8.Kangwanintensityresistanceistheroleofexternalforcescausecomponentsalongtheloadingdirectionbendingorcurvingnature.Indeed,thebendingstressisacombinationofpullingstressandpressurestress
9.Kangniuintensityiscausedbythemetalcomponentstoreversethecapacitytoresistexternalforces
10.Shearedintensityreferstothesizeofthetwocomponentsintheoppositedirectionofequalrole,howstrongitscapabilitytoresist
11.Fatiguestrengthistheresistanceofvariousmaterialstotherapidlychangingnatureofthestress.Forexamplepistonrodoraxlewithstandthepressureforchangeiswideningstress.Bothsidesofthewindingupoftinselfatiguefractureisanotherexample.
12.Intensityoftheimpactresistanceofmetalsisoftenrapidandsuddenincreaseinloadpayloadcapacity.Theimpactofhighermetalintensity,theenergyneededtobreakonolder.Weldingwillseriouslyaffecttheimpactintensity,becausetheimpactofstructuralstrengthisasensitivenature.
13.Resilienceismetalfracture,bendingorreversewithoutbreaksordamage.Resiliencehighmetals,suchascopperorwroughtiron,withtheloadincreaseisthegradualdamageorfracture.Resilienceandlowmetalssuchascastiron,whencarryingheavy,willsuddenlyruptureanddamage.
14.HardnessissteelorpenetrationresistanceYahennature.HardnessisusuallyusedinthestandardpayloadGangqiuroleofthedesignertoexpressYahenarea,orusedinaparticularloadroleoftheindenterspecializedformedtoexpressthedepth.
15.Cryogenicnatureexpressedinverylowtemperatureenvironmentintheroleofmetalstressperformancechanges.Inadditiontothecrystalstructureandprocessingconditionsareve
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 文献 翻译 材料 处理 特性