《英语语言学概论》配套习题五问答题答案docx.docx
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《英语语言学概论》配套习题五问答题答案docx
《英语语言学概论》配套习题(五)(问答题)答案
Chapter1IntroductiontoLinguistics
1.Whataredesignfeaturesoflanguage?
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimacommunication.
2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage?
Thecharacteristicsofhumanlanguageincludearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,discreteness,transferabilityandlinearity.
3・Explainthecharacteristicofarbitrariness・Whataretherelationshipbetweenarbitrarinessandconvention?
Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.
4.Whatdoesproductivitymeanforlanguage?
Itmeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Itreferstothepropertythatlanguageenableslanguageuserstoproduceorunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesincludingnovelsentencesbyuseoffinitesetofrules.
5・Whatfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?
Languagehasatleastsevenfuncitons:
informative,interpersonal,performative,emotive,phatic,recreationalandmetalingual.
6・Explainthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage・
Themetalingualfunctionoflanguagereferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.
7・Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics?
Synchroniclinguisticstakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Incontrast,diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory;therefore,itisalsocalledhistoricallinguistics.
8・Whatdistinguishesprescriptivestudiesoflanguagefromdescriptivestudiesoflanguage?
Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,norms,ofcorrectness,whichareinthescopeofprescriptivelinguistics.
Chapter2Phonology
1・Whatdoesphoneticsconcern?
Phonetisisthescientificstudyofspeechsoundsofhumanbeings.Phoneticscanbesuv-classifiedintoarticulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.2・Howdothethreebranchesofphoneticscontributetothestudyofspeechsounds?
Articualtoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeeech.Auditoryphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.
3・Howisthedescriptionofconsonantsdifferentfromthatofvowels?
Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.Bycontrast,avowelisproducedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulanceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.
4.Inwhichtwowaysmayconsonantsbeclassified?
Thecategoriesofconsonantsareestablishedontwoimportantfactors,whicharetermedasmannersofarticulationandplacesofarticulation.
5.Howdophoneticiansclassifyvowels?
Thediscriptionofvowelsincludesfouraspects:
theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back);thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short)andlip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded).
6.T0whatextentdoesphonologydifferfromphonetics?
Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,withitsprimaryaimbeingtodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaywoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.Phoneticsisthestudyofallpossiblespeechsoundswhilephonologystudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguagesystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.
7.Whatdominimalpairrefer?
Giveanexampletoillustrate・
Certainsoundscausechangesinthemeaningofaword,whereasothersoundsdonot.Forinstance,thewordbigcanbedescribedinaphonetictranscription[big].If[g]isreplacedby[t],thereisanotherword:
bit.[g]and[t]arecalledminimalpairs.Therefore,whensoundsubstitutionscausedifferencesofmeaning,thesesoundsareminimalpairs.
8.Whatkindofphenomenoniscomplementarydistribution?
Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment,theyareincomplementarydistribution.Forexample,theaspiratedEnglishstopsneveroccurafter[s],andtheunaspiratedonesneveroccurinitially.Soundsincomplementarydistributionmaybeassignedtothesamephoneme.Theallophonesof[1],forinstance,arealsoincomplementarydistribution.Theclear[l]occuronlybeforeavowel,thedark[1]occurafteraconsonantorattheendofaword.
Chapter3Morphology
1・Whatisafreemorpheme?
Whatisaboundmorpheme?
Morphememaybeclassifiedintofreeandbound.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning,itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.
Afreemorphemeisaword,inthetraditionalsense.Man,book,takeandredarefreemorphemes.
Aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance.Itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorphem,freeorbound,likeun-inunhappy,pasttensemorphemeinworked.
2・Whatisthedifferencebetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes?
Aninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.Nordoesitchangetheword-classofthewordtowhichitisadded.Theinflecitonalaffixestodayarethepluralmarker,thegenetivecase,theverbalendings,thecomparativedegreesandsuperlativedegrees.Inflectionalaffixeshaveonlytheirparticualrgrammaticalmeanings,sotheyarealsocalledgrammaticalmeanings,sotheyarealsocalledgrammaticalaffixes.
Aderivationalaffixservestoderiveanewwordwhenitisaddedtoanothermorpheme.Derivationalaffixhaslexicalmeaning,butlessimportantthanthemeaningoftherootinthesameword,like-ableinthewordworkable.Derivaitonalaffixesarecommonlysubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.
3・Whatiscompounding?
Compoundingorcompositionisaword-formationprocessbyjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Compoundscanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtopartsofthespeech:
(1)nouncompounds(likehearbeat);
(2)adjectivecompounds(likedutyfree);(3)verbcompounds(likehousekeep).
4.Whatarethecriteriaofacompoundword?
(1)Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:
solid(likeairmail).hyphenated(likeair-conditioning)andopen(likeairraid).
(2)Phonologically,manycompoundshaveaso-calledcompoundaccent,thatis,asinglestressonthefirstelement,asin"spacerocket;oramainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.
(3)Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedto,butcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.
5.Whatisacronymy?
Acronymyisatypeofshorteningbyusingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase・Iftheshortenedwordispronouncedletterbyletter,itisaninitialismlikeBBC;iftheshortenedwordispronouncedaswordratherthanasasequenceofletters,itisanacronymlikeSAM(forsurface-to-airmissile).
6.Whatisblending?
Blendingisapreocessofword・forniationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch).
7.Decidewhichwayofwordformationisusedtoformthefollowingwords.
Comsat(fromcommunications+satellite,byblending)
Motel(frommotor+hotel,byblending)
Lase(fromlaser,byback-formation)
Memo(frommemorandom,bybackclipping)
Nightmare(fromdaymare,byanalogy)
ASEAN(fromtheAssociationforSouth-EastAsianNations,byacronymy)
ROM(fromread-onlymemory,byinitialism)
Bit(frombinary+digit,byblending))
Babysit(frombabysitter,byback・fonnatioii)
cock-a・doodle・do(fromthesoundproducedbycock,byonomatopoeia))
grunt(fromthesoundproducedbypig,byonomatopoeia)
8・Whatareclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords?
Awordthatbelongstotheclosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Therefore,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.,areallcloseditems.
Theopen-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.
Withtheemergenceofnewideas,inventions,etc.,newexpressionsarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classitems.
Chapter4Syntax
1.Whatissyntax?
Syntaxisasub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Specifically,Itisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysinwhichwords,wordgroupsandphrasesarejoinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweensententialelements.
2.Whatisasimple,compound,orcomplexsentence?
Asimplesentenceismadeupofoneindependentclausewithdependentclauseattached.Itconsistsofatleastonesubjectandonepredicate.Eitherthesubjectorthecomplementmaybecompound(consistingofmorethanoneelementjoinedwithacoordina
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