新概念英语第四册完美打印版.docx
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新概念英语第四册完美打印版.docx
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新概念英语第四册完美打印版
Lesson1Findingfossilman发现化石人
Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirst
learnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsofthewordwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.The
onlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas--legendshandeddownfrom
onegenerationofanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingabout
migrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.
AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthe
PacificIslandscamefrom.Thesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefrom
Indonesiaabout2,000yearsago.
Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,ifthey
hadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindout
wherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom.
Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasier
toshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.
Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemen
whomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.
ROBINPLACEFindingfossilman
Lesson2Sparethatspider不要伤害蜘蛛
Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?
Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,
andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeit
impossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksand
herds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirds
andbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyed
byspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheharmtousorour
belongings.
Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantell
thedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsectnevermorethansix.Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworknoourbehalf?
Oneauthorityonspidersmadea
censusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremore
than2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootball
pitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemore
thanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonly
threemealsaday.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersin
Britaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.
T.H.GILLESPLESparethatspiderfromTheListener
Lesson3Matterhornman马特霍恩山区人
Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthe
moredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnot
thecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummit
wastheprizetheysought,especiallyifitandneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheir
explorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedina
mannerwithwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheir
waytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop!
Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.Exceptforoneor
twoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillage
tendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinns
asthereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybread
oftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,
andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowas
usuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers.Invariablythe
backgroundwasthesame:
dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedto
eatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlps
musthaveveryhardindeed.
WALTERUNSWORTHMatterhornMan
Lesson4Seeinghands能看见东西的手
SeveralcaseshavebeenreportedinRussiarecentlyofpeoplewhocandetectcolourswith
theirfingers,andevenseethroughsolidandwalls.Onecaseconcernsandeleven-year-old
schoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferent
partsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshe
cameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Suddenlyshe
askedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthe
waytheyweredoneupinbundles.
Vera'scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownof
Ulyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecial
commissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewas
abletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowovera
child'sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanother
instance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofa
picturehiddenunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershada
similarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfold
shelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecould
perceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.
ERICDEMAUNYSeeinghandsfromTheListener
Lesson5Youth青年
Peoplearealwaystalkingabout'theproblemofyouth'.Ifthereisone--whichItakeleaveto
doubt--thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdownto
fundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings--peoplejustliketheirelders.
Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:
theyoungmanhasaglorious
futurebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:
andmaybethatiswherethe
rubis.
WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain--thatIwasanewboyina
hugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasa
problem.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethings
theyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.
Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheynotadrearycommitment
tomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhaveno
devotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.
It'sasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburban
creatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,ill-mannered,
presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectofelders
--asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,
asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong.
FIELDENHUGHESfromOutoftheAir,TheListener
Lesson6Thesportingspirit体育的精神
IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthe
nations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesofthewouldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballor
cricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthehattlefield.Evenifonedidn'tknowfrom
concreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontests
leadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceiffromgeneralprinciples.
Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarecompetitive.Youplaytowin,andthegamehas
littlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsides
andnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,itispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:
butassoonasathequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunit
willbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused.Anyonewhohas
playedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis.Attheinternationallevel,sportisfrankly
mimicwarfare.Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehaviouroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthe
spectators:
and,behindthespectators,ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesoverthese
absurdcontests,andseriouslybelieve--atanyrateforshortperiods--thatrunning,jumpingand
kickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.
GEORGEORWELLThesportingspirit
Lesson7Bats蝙蝠
Notallsoundsmadebyanimalsserveaslanguage,andwehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinary
discoveryofecho-locationinbatstoseeacaseinwhichthevoiceplaysastrictlyutilitarianrole.
Togetafullappreciationofwhatthismeanswemustturnfirsttosomerecenthuman
inventions.Everyoneknowsthatifheshoutsinthevicinityofawalloramountainside,anecho
willcomeback.Thefurtheroffthissolidobstruction,thelongertimewillelapseforthereturnof
theecho.Asoundmadebytappingonthehullofashipwillberefle
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