07091205 黄珊 商务拒绝函中模糊语的语用分析.docx

07091205 黄珊 商务拒绝函中模糊语的语用分析.docx

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07091205黄珊商务拒绝函中模糊语的语用分析

毕业设计（论文）

Title:

PragmaticAnalysisofFuzzyLanguageinBusinessRefusalLetters

题目：

商务拒绝函中模糊语的语用分析

学生姓名：

黄珊

专业：

英语

学号：

07091205

指导老师：

陈娟

二零一一年六月

Abstract

Pragmaticvagueness,asabasiccharacteristicoflanguage,hasattractedmoreandmoreattention.Thestudyscopecoversfromliterature,translationtobusiness.Fuzzylanguagereferstothevaguenessofexpressions,includingtheuncertainty,lackofclarityandconcreteness.Thevaguenessoflanguagemanifestsitselfinseveralaspects:

（1）uncertainty,namelylanguageexpressesseveralprobablemeanings,whichmakesitdifficulttoascertaintheidea.

（2）unclarity,namelythescopeofreferredmeaningisnotspecific,withthefuzzyextention.（3）ambiguity,itmeansasentenceisnotutteredcompletelyandthoroughly.（4）lackofconcreteness,usingthegeneralwordstoexpresstheconcretemeaning.

Thispaperstudiestheemploymentoffuzzylanguageinbusinessrefusalletters.Firstly,itmakesabriefconclusionofpreviousstudyoffuzzylanguage.Secondly,byanalyzingthevaguenessoflanguageinselectedbusinessrefusalletters,itprobesthepragmaticcharacteristicsandfunctionsoffuzzylanguage,andhowtoachieveagoodcommunicationbetweenthetwoparts.Itcanbeconcluded,onthebasisofanalysis,thatfuzzylanguagedoesplayanimportantroleindeliveringthenegativeinformation,andithelpssavethecustomer’sface.Thepragmaticfunctionsincludeincreasingtheappropriatenessoflanguage,enhancingtheflexibilityandthecrisis-avoidance.Itisofgreatsignificanceforourfuturestudyandinfuturebusinesswriting.

Keywords：

Fuzzylanguage;Businessrefusalletters;Pragmaticfunctions

摘要

语用模糊作为语言的基本特征之一，在语言学研究中日益受到关注，研究范围涉及的领域也愈来愈广，从文学，翻译到商务等多个领域。

模糊语主要指模糊的表达,即语言的所指或表述不确定、不明晰、不具体,读者难以准确地、清楚地把握住语言的内容。

语言的模糊性主要表现为：

（1）不确定,即语言同时表达几个可能的意义,读者难以确定它表达的究竟是哪个意义。

（2）不明晰,即语言所表示的意义范围不明确,概念外延模糊。

（3）不明确,即一句话不说完,不说全,不说明,不说透。

（4）不具体,即用较为笼统的语言形式表达较为具体的语言意义。

本文研究模糊语在商务拒绝函中的使用,首先对前人对模糊语的研究进行概括，其次对选取的商务拒绝函中的模糊语进行分析，探究模糊语的使用特征及其语用功能，如何实现双方更好的沟通与交流。

通过分析得出的结论为模糊语的使用在商务拒绝信函中起着非常重要的作用，它有助于更好地传达否定信息同时又保存顾客的“面子”。

其语用功能为提高语言得体性、增强语言使用的灵活性、规避风险等等。

这对我们日后学习模糊语的使用，对商务信函的写作等有十分重要的意义。

关键词：

模糊语;商务拒绝函;语用功能

CONTENTS

Chapter1Introduction1

Chapter2LiteratureReview2

2.1TheoreticalBackground2

2.1.1TheOriginofEuphemism2

2.1.2TheDefinitionofEuphemism3

2.1.3TheClassificationofEuphemism4

2.1.4PragmaticFunctionsofEuphemism6

2.2BusinessEnglishCorrespondence7

2.2.1TheDefinitionofBusinessEnglishCorrespondence8

2.2.2TheClassificationofBusinessRefusalLetters9

Chapter3AnalysisofFuzzyLanguageinBusinessRefusalLetters10

3.1TheCharacteristicofFuzzyLanguageinBusinessRefusalLetters10

3.1.1EuphemismandPoliteness10

3.1.2ImplicationandFlexibility10

3.2EmploymentofFuzzyLanguagetoEnhancetheFlexibilityandAppropriatenessofLanguage11

3.2.1RefusalLettersofBusinessInvitation12

3.2.2RefualLettersofCustomer’sRequest12

3.2.3AnalysisofRefusalLettersofAdjustment13

3.3EmploymentofFuzzyLanguagetoAvoidCrisis14

3.3.1AnalysisofRefusalLettersofBusinessInvitation14

3.3.2AnalysisofRefusalLettersofCustomer’sRequest15

3.3.3AnalysisofRefusalLettersofAdjustment16

Chapter4ThePracticalEffectsofFuzzyLanguageinBusinessRefusalLetters17

4.1ThePracticalEffectsofFuzzyLanguageinBusinessRefusalLetters19

4.1.1TobeCourtesyandtoEasetheEmbarrassment19

4.1.2ToEnhancetheFlexibilityofLanguageandAppropriatenessofLanguage19

4.2GeneralStrategiesforBusinessRefusalLetters19

Chapter5Conclusion22

Acknowledgements24

PragmaticAnalysisofFuzzyLanguageinBusinessRefusalLetters

Chapter1Introduction

Pragmaticvagueness,asabasiccharacteristicoflanguage,hasattractedmoreandmoreattention.Thestudyscopecoversfromliterature,translationtobusiness.Fuzzylanguagereferstothevaguenessofexpressions,includingtheuncertainty,lackofclarity,concretenessandsoon.

Thispaperisintendedtoanalyzefuzzylanguageinbusinessrefusalletters.Fuzzylanguagehasarousedgreatinterestofscholarsfromhomeandabroad.Fuzzylanguageemergedin60sand70sasanincreasinglyimportantdiscipline.Analyzingfuzzylanguageinbusinessrefusalletterswillbeofgreatsignificance.Itexploreshowfuzzylanguageachievesthegoalofdeliveringthenegativeinformation,withoutcausingsomeunnecessarytroublesorcrises.Manyscholarsandresearchershavemadealargenumberofinvestigationsinthisfield,whichisthefoundationofmystudy.Thispapermainlyclassifiesbusinessrefusallettersintothreetypes,accordingtotheinvestigation,namely,refusallettersofbusinessinvitation,customer’srequestandadjustment.ItmayhelpEnglishlearnersandbusinessmeninimprovingtheirwritingskillsforbusinessrefusalletters.Theemploymentoffuzzylanguageinbusinessrefusallettersnotonlyachievesthepurposeofdeliveringnegativemessagebutalsoavoidsmakingthebadimpressiononclients.Weareoftentoldtoexpressourideasaccuratelyandprecisely,whilesometimesitisnotthecase.Consequently,fuzzylanguageplaysanimportantroleinexpressingnegativeinformation,foritenhancestheappropriatenessandflexibilityoflanguageandavoidspotentialrisks.

Chapter2LiteratureReview

2.1TheoreticalBackground

Traditionally,itisadvocatedthatexpressionsshouldbemadeasaccurateaspossible.Duetotheambiguityofboundaryofsubstantialbodyorlackingofanall-sidedacquaintance,whichresultintheinconsistencyoflanguageusing,sotheformoffuzzylanguagehasbecomeinevitable.

Fuzzylanguagedidn’tattractpeople’seyeballsinceAmericanscientistL.ZadehintroducedtheconceptofMembershipFunctioninhispaper-fuzzyset（Zadeh,1965:

43）,whichhasbeenusedtodescribedifferentialmesosphere.Thisconcepthasbeenusedinmathmethodstodescribefuzzywords,asymbolofthebirthoffuzzytheory.Afterthat,linguistsandphilosopherlinguistsusedthistheorytodoresearchonthelanguagefuzzinessfromtheaspectofsemantic,cognitionandpragmatic.Duringtheprocessofgettingthosesubstantialresults,thefuzzylanguagecameintobeingasanemergingsubject.

Itseemslikethattheymakethingsasspeciousanddubiousrhymeandbringthereadersandlistenersasenseofdynamicbeautyoflanguage.Cognitivepsychologysupposesthathumanconsciousnessisreferringtothedifferentperceptionandemotionalresponseinvariousdegrees,whichincludesandnotyetformsitsfuzzyfeelingfromthelow-leveltothehigh-levelclearandrationalfuzzylanguagethatisbeingusedinthesomecertainkindofsituationandcontextwithuniqueeffects.Theessenceofsurfaceexpressionisrelativelyaccuratetoexpressthemotivation,complexfeelingandlatentconsciousnessofpeople.Itisrelativelyandscrupulouslyvoicesomeobservationandopinionorpredicationandtheorysoastoambiguouslyexpresstherealthoughtsofinnerworldorprovidingreasonablelogicandreliablemessage.Actually,thelanguagefuzzinesswon’tgetinthewayofcommunication,ontheopposite;theexistenceofgreatnumberoffuzzylanguageisquiteneededinthelanguageandinformationcommunication.

2.1.1TheOriginofFuzzyLanguage

Therearestillmanydifferentopinionsandviewstowardsthereasonwhyfuzzylanguagecameintobeing.Untilrecently,therearethreeuniversallyviews,thefirstone,thevaguenessoflanguage’symbolmeaningoriginatesfromthevaguenessofthings.Thesecondone,thevaguenessoflanguagecomesfromthelimitationofknowledge.Thethirdone,vaguenessisthefeatureoflanguagesymbols.Everycoinhastwosides.Thoseviewshavetheirownuniqueperspective.ThispaperholdsthatseveralfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationFirstly,thefactorfromthelanguageinternalsymbols.Firstly,language,asavehicleofhumancommunication,ismadeupofaseriesofarbitrarysymbols.Namely,thereferredmeaningisarbitrary,whichleadstovagueness.Secondly,thediscretenessoflinguisticsymbols,whichproducesthevaguenessofwordsboundary.Thesecondfactoristhepeople’ssubjectknowing.Allthethingsintheworldarecomplexandonthemove.Althoughhumanbeingshavedeepenedtheirabilitytounderstandtheworld,duetothelimitationofhumanbeing,wehavenotreachedacompletelyclearextent.Forexample,inFrench“potato”is“pommedeterre”,theliteralmeaningistheapplegrownintheland,butFrenchcomparepotatoasappleThethirdfactor,vaguenessrisesfromhumanbeingsmindandcommunicativefactors.

2.1.2TheDefinitionofFuzzyLanguage

Fuzzylanguagehasbeenwidelystudiedbyalargenumberofscholars.Itistheircontributionsanddevotionsthatleadtoadeeperunderstandingoffuzzylanguage.Here,manyscholarswillbecited:

Peirce,thefounderofsemantics,isoftenconsideredastheoriginatoroftheoryofvaguenessinlanguage.Atthebeginningoflastcentury,Peirce（1902）triestoformulatevaguenessinarigorouswayasfollows:

Apropositionisvaguewhentherearepossiblestatesofthingsconcerningwhichitisintrinsicallyuncertainwhether,hadtheybeencontemplatedbythespeaker,hewouldhaveregardedthemasexcludedorallowedbytheproposition.Byintrinsicallyuncertainwemeannotuncertaininconsequenceofanyignoranceoftheinterpreter,butbecausethespeaker'shabitsoflanguagewereindeterminate.

ThedefinitiongivenbyPeirceisitselfrathergeneralandvagueanditismorelikeadescriptionofvaguelanguageratherthanadefinition.

Alston（1964）gavethedefinitionofvagueinthebookThephilosophyoflanguage.InAlston'sopinion,theprinciplet